1. Chapter 36: Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
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2. 36-1 The Skeletal System
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3. What are some differences between these organisms?
Locomotion
We have muscles and bones that allow
us to move.
WHY DO WE NEED TO MOVE?

4. 36-1: The Skeletal System
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5. What makes up the skeletal system?
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments

6. Bone Fun Facts
Human Skeleton accounts for about 20% of a regular sized person’s body weight
A baby has about 300 bones; by adulthood there are only about 206 bones
Largest part of the skeleton is the femur (located in the upper thigh)
Smallest bone in the body is the stapes (part of the inner ear)
More than half of your bones are located in your hands, feet, and face
A newborn baby’s skeleton is made up mostly of cartilage

7. 2) What are some functions of the skeletal system?
Support (framework)
Protect internal organs
Provides for movement
Stores mineral reserves (calcium)
Produces blood cells

8. 3) Structure of Bones
Bone is composed of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
The calcium salts give bone their hard structure.

9. 4) Cartilage
What is it?
Strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
Where is it found?
places like nose, ear, and joints

10. 5) Joints Examples: What are they? Places where bones meet
What do they do?
Allow movement
Examples:
Immovable joints- skull
Slightly movable joints- vertebrae
Freely movable joints- Ball and Socket (shoulder), Hinge (knee), Pivot (elbow), saddle (hand)

11. 6) Structure of Joints Ligaments:
Connective tissue
Connects bone to bone
Cartilage and bursae (sac of synovial fluid) between bones
Reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

12. 36-2 The Muscular System
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13. 7) What is the role of our muscular system?
Muscles provide the forces that put the body in motion
Muscles allow movement by contracting and relaxing.
There are 3 types of muscle.

14. 8) Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle:
Where is it found?
Attached to bones
Voluntary movements
Striations (alternating light/dark bands)
Large with many nuclei

15. 8) Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle:
Where is it found? hollow structures- esophagus, stomach and intestines (peristalsis and digestion), blood vessels (control blood flow), eyes (pupil response to light)
Involuntary movements
No Striations
Spindle-shaped with one nucleus

16. 8) Types of Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle:
Where is it found? The Heart
Involuntary movements
Striations
Small with one or two nuclei

17. 9) Tendons
Tough, fibrous
connective tissue
attaches muscle to bone.

18. 10) Muscle Contraction
A muscle contracts when the thin filaments (actin) in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments (myosin)
The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP!

20. 11) How muscles and bones interact:
Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs
Bicep muscle contracts: bends/flexes the elbow
Tricep muscle contracts: opens/extends the elbow
Controlled movement (ex. Holding a tennis racket or a violin) require contraction by both muscles
Muscles provide force and the tendons pull on the bones (like levers)

21. 36-3 The Integumentary System
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22. 1) What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
A barrier against infection and injury
Helps to regulate body temperature
Removes wastes from the body
Provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

23. 2) Epidermis Outer layer of skin Made up of two parts:
Outer layer of epidermis- dead skin cells
Inner layer of epidermis- living cells
Undergo rapid mitosis that pushes old cells to the surface
Keratin ( protein) producing cells form a flexible, waterproof covering on the surface of the skin
Melanocytes- produce Melanin (pigment); the amount and distribution of melanin causes differences in skin color

24. 2) Dermis
Middle layer
Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sense organs, smooth muscles and hair follicles that help the skin perform all of its functions
Sweat Glands- produces sweat for temperature regulation and waste removal
Sebaceous (oil) glands- produce oil (sebum) keeps epidermis flexible and waterproof

25. 3) Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
Fat Cells
Blood cells

26. 4) Hair and Nails
Keratin (which also forms structures like bull horns,
reptile scales, bird feathers,
and porcupine quills)
Hair
Covers almost every exposed surface and provides many important functions
Produced by hair follicles in the dermis
Rapid cell growth at the follicles pushes dead column of keratin- filledcells outward
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Rapid growth from nail root
During cell division, cells produce a plate-like cover that protects fingertips and toes

27. Chapter 36 Key Ideas Summary
36-1 The Skeletal System
The human skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation
Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts
Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable
36-2 The Muscular System
There are three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
A muscle fiber contracts when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments.
The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP.

28. Chapter 36 Key Ideas Summary
36-3 The Integumentary System
The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.