1. Organic Compounds- polymers Mrs. Brostrom Integrated Science

2. Organic Compounds are covalently bonded compounds composed of carbon-based molecules More than 90% of all compounds Ex: fuel, rubbing alcohol, sugar, cotton, paper, plastic

3. Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds in organic compounds. They have four valence electrons and need four more. Carbon can never form more than four bonds.

4. Structural Formulas Show how atoms and molecules are connected Each line represents a pair(two) of electrons Can have 100’s or 1,000’s of C atoms Organic compounds can also contain H, O, S, N, and P Branched ChainStraight ChainRing

5. Straight Chains A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose One carbonMethane Two carbonEthane Three carbonPropane Four carbonButane Five carbonspentane Six carbonhexane What hydrocarbon is this?

6. Branched Chains The structural formula for certain alkanes can differ. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are isomers.

7. The Ring Carbons can be arranged in a ring, such as cyclobutane.

8. Hydrocarbons A Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon. Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: o The number of carbon atoms o How the atoms are arranged

9. Saturated Hydrocarbons A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which each C atom in the molecule shares a single bond with each of the other four atoms o only single bonds o Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon. o Name ends in “ane” Ex.) Methane, propane, ethane Ethane

10. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons An unsaturated hydrocarbon shares a double or triple bond in which at least one pair of C atoms shares a double or triple bond o These bonds can be broken and more atoms can be added to the molecule o Contains one or more double or triple bonds Types of unsaturated hydrocarbons o Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic

11. Alkane Saturated hydrocarbon Have single bonds between carbons Name ends in ”ane”

12. Alkene Unsaturated hydrocarbon Have at least one double covalent bond between carbons Ends in “ene” Ex.) Ethene o Given off when food ripens Propene o used to make plastics, rubbing alcohol

13. Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbon Have triple bonds between carbons Name ends in “yne” Most reactive hydrocarbon compounds. Produce extremely high temperatures while burning

14. Aromatic Hydrocarbons These alternating single and double bond hydrocarbons form a ring Many of these compounds have strong aromas or odors Ex.) Benzene- starting material for manufacturing products

15. Let’s Review What 2 elements do hydrocarbons contain? What are the 3 structural formulas of organic compounds? Saturated hydrocarbons have which types of bonds; single, double, and/or triple? In unsaturated hydrocarbons, bond can be ______? What types of bonds do alkanes have? What types of bonds do alkenes have? What types of bonds do alkynes have?

16. Types of Organic Compounds Alcohol Fossil Fuels Polymers

17. Alcohols Contain carbon, and OH groups (hydroxyls) End in “ol” Methanol (CH 3 OH) Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) Molecules behave like water and attract to one another often forming liquids at room temperature

18. Fossil Fuels Three types of fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water

19. Polymers A polymer is a molecule comprised of many monomers. Polymers can be classified as o natural polymers Cellulose, starch, sugar, DNA o synthetic polymers Rubber, nylon, polyethylene

20. Biopolymers Biopolymers are polymers that are produced by living organisms. Lipids - biochemicals that do not dissolve in water; oil, fat, wax Carbohydrates - composed of one or more simple sugar molecules bonded together Nucleic acids - biochemicals made up of nucleotides; DNA, RNA Proteins - composed of amino acids

21. Synthetic Polymers A synthetic polymer is a human made polymer. Plastics o Bioplastic - plastic that is made from renewable biomass sources (cornstarch) PlasticsCommon Uses Polyester (PES)Fabric, textiles Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)Outdoor furniture, shower curtains High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)Detergent bottles, milk jugs Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Pipes, flooring, shower curtains Polypropylene (PP)Bottle caps, yogurt containers Polystyrene (PS)Packing peanuts Polycarbonate (PC)CD’s, eye glasses, protective sheets

22. Polymers (Greek) poly = “many” meros = “part” Each polymer molecule is made from a repeating unit: a monomer Monomers are small molecules (not single atoms) that make up polymers. monomers polymerisation Single polymer chain

23. Properties of Polymers Polymer chains are like long bits of string. The polymer’s properties depend on many factors: Structure length of chains side-links and branches type of monomer(s) temperature time taken for polymer to cool down other chemicals present

24. Arrangement of the Chains The length of the chain can be controlled. The chains are thousands or millions of units long. DNA: a very complex polymer up to 220 million units long.

25. Chain Length They twist and bend and tangle with each other, but can also line up neatly. Chains entangled (amorphous) Chains aligned (crystalline) Polyethylene is made of chains. It is flexible, but does not return to its original shape.

26. Branching and Cross-linking Sometimes they can have branches, or they can be linked to other chains. Different types of branching Cross-linked chains Crossed linked polymers become more elastic, it can stretch and return to its original shape.