1. Photodetection EDIT Photodetection Principles, Performance and Limitations Nicoleta Dinu (LAL Orsay) Thierry Gys (CERN) Christian Joram (CERN) Samo Korpar (JSI Ljubljana) Yuri Musienko (Northwestern U, USA) Veronique Puill (LAL, Orsay) Dieter Renker (TU Munich) EDIT 2011 1 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker

2. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 2 OUTLINE Basics Requirements on photodetectors Photosensitive materials ‘Family tree’ of photodetectors Detector types Applications

3. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 3 Basics 1.Photoelectric effect 2.Solids, liquids, gaseous materials 3.Internal vs. external photoeffect, electron affinity 4.Photodetection as a multi-step process 5.The human eye as a photodetector

4. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 4 Formatting guidelines for preparing slides Use Calibri as default font Default color: white (avoid text in red, difficult to read for many people) Main title: 24 pts Normal text: 16 pts References: 10 pts

5. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 5

6. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 6 Requirements on photodetectors 1.Sensitivity 2.Linearity 3.Signal fluctuations 4.Time response 5.Rate capability 6.Dark count rate 7.Operation in magnetic fields 8.Radiation tolerance / aging

7. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 7

8. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 8 Photosensitive materials 1.Classical photocathodes (bialkali, S20), super/ultra bialkali 2.UV sensitive, solar blind (CsTe, CsI) 3.Crystalline cathodes (GaAs etc.) 4.Silicon 5.Exotics: TMAE, TEA 6.Windows/substrates

9. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 9

10. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 10 ‘Family tree’ of photodetectors Detector types 1.PMT 2.MAPMT 3.MCP-PMT 4.HPD, HAPD 5.PIN diode (design) 6.APD 7.G-APD / SiPM 8.CCD / CMOS 9.Photosensitive gas detectors (MWPC / MPGD)

11. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 11 Geiger Mode – Avalanche Photodiode (GM-APD)

12. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 12 R.H. Haitz J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 36, No. 10 (1965) 3123 J.R. McIntire IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev. ED-13 (1966) 164 Time (a.u.) Current (a.u.) Standardized output signal Q=C GM-APD (V bias - V BD ) Q=10 5 -10 6 e h R s =50  GM-APD n+ (K) p++ (A) RqRq -V bias output Passive quenching circuit S. Cova & al. Appl. Opt., Vol. 35, No 12 (1996) 1956 Binary device no proportionality with no. of incident photons The first 2 single photon detectors operated in Geiger-mode Q Q Q

13. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 13 Applications 1.Readout of scintillators / fibres with PMT/MAPMT. 2.Readout of RICH detectors with HPD. 3.Readout of RICH detector with gas based detectors 4.Readout of inorganic crystals with APD. Example: CMS ECAL. 5.Readout of scintillators with G-APD. 6.Ultrafast timing for TOF with MCP-PMT

14. Photodetection EDIT EDIT 2011 N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. Renker 14

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