1. 2nd Industrial Revolution

2. Vocabulary
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Trade Union

3. Industrial Revolution
Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, & Petroleum led the way to the new industrial frontiers.
Substitution of Steel for Iron was the 1st major change in industry between 1870 and 1914.
1). Because new methods for shaping steel made it useful in the building of lighter, smaller, & faster machines, engines, railways, ships, weapons.
G.B., France, Germany, & Belgium were the top producers of steel in 1860.

4. Energy Electricity was the new form of energy.
It was converted into Heat, Light, & Motion.
Electricity gave birth to several new inventions.

5. Inventors Thomas Edison: Created the light bulb
Joseph Swan: In G.B. Opened homes & cities to electric lights.
Alexander G. Bell: (1876) Invented telephone
Guglielmo Marconi: (1901) Sent the 1st radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean.

6. Bell, Swan, Marconi, & Edison

7. Electricity
1870s: 1st practical generators of electrical current were developed.
1910: Hydroelectric power stations & coal fired steam generating plants enabled homes & factories to be tied to a single common source of power.
1880s: Streetcars & Subways appeared in major cities.
What was the advantage of having lights in factories?

9. Transportation
Internal Combustion Engine provided a new source of power for transportation.
1). Fired by Oil & Gasoline
It gave rise to Ocean liners, Airplanes, & Automobiles.
Orville & Wilbur Wright is credit with the 1st flight in 1903.
1919: 1st regular passenger air services established.

10. Ford Model T

11. Orville & Wilbur Wright

12. 1st Airplane

13. New Patterns
What caused Europeans to be able to afford more consumer products?
1). Wages for workers increased after 1870.
2). Prices for manufactured goods were
lower, because of reduced transportation.
What were the 2 economic zones by 1900?
A). Advanced Industrialized Core: G.B.,
Belgium, France, Netherland, Germany,
W. Austro-Hungary, N. Italy.
B). Provide Food & Raw Materials: S. Italy, Spain,
Portugal, Balkan Kingdoms, Russia, & most of
Austria-Hungary.

15. Urbanization

16. Marx’s Theory
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifest in 1848.
They were appalled at the horrible conditions in factories.
They blamed the system of Industrial Capitalism.
There solution was a new social system called Communism (Economic & political in which gov’t. owns almost all the means of production).

18. Marx’s & Engels

19. Middle Class

20. Working Class

21. Marxism
Marx believed all of World History was a “History of class struggles”.
This meant one group of people – The Oppressors- owned the means of production and thus had the power to control government & society.
The other group, which depended on the owners of the means of production; were the Oppressed.
A). Oppressors: Bourgeoisie; Middle Class
B). Oppressed: Proletariat; Working Class

22. Karl Marl

23. Marxism
Marx predict the struggle between the 2 groups would lead to an open revolution & the Proletariat (working class) would overthrow the Bourgeoisie.
The final revolution would produce a classless society.

24. Socialist Parties
Working class leaders formed Socialist parties based on Marx’s ideas.
German Social Democratic Party was the most important Socialist Party in 1875.
1912: Became the largest single party in Germany (Received 4 million votes).

25. Trade Unions
Workers improve their working conditions in the late 1800s & 1900s by forming organize labor groups.
The workers protest through Strike & Sitdown Strikes.
Strike: A work stoppage called by members of a union to pressure an employer into meeting their demands.
Employers tried to stop strike through Blacklist.
Blacklist: Tactic owners used to discourage workers from joining unions

26. Pictures of Sit down strikes

27. Pictures of Strikes

28. Combination Act
1799 & 1800
Stated that a person who united with others to demand higher wages, shorter hours, or better working conditions could be imprisoned.
1825: Parliament passed a law that permitted laborers to meet in order to agree on wages & hours.
1870: Parliament legalized strikes

29. Emergence of Mass Society
Lack of jobs & lack of land drove people to the cities.
Board of Health was created to improve the quality of housing.
Higher paying jobs and improvement in the standard of living caused family patterns to change between 1890 & 1914.