2. AP Biology 2007-2008 Origin of Life “…sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes…”

3. AP Biology BacteriaArchae- bacteria AnimaliaFungiProtistaPlantae 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 500 1500 0 1000 Formation of earth Molten-hot surface of earth becomes cooler Oldest definite fossils of prokaryotes Appearance of oxygen in atmosphere Oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes First multicellular organisms Appearance of animals and land plants Colonization of land by animals Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Millions of years ago ARCHEAN PRECAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence. The Origin of Life on Earth is another story… The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence. The Origin of Life on Earth is another story…

4. AP Biology What is Life?  First we have to define LIFE…  organized as cells  respond to stimuli  regulate internal processes  homeostasis  use energy to grow  metabolism  develop  change & mature within lifetime  reproduce  heredity  DNA / RNA  adaptation & evolution

5. AP Biology The Origin of Life is Hypothesis  Special Creation  Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?  not testable  Extraterrestrial Origin  Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?  testable  Spontaneous Abiotic Origin  Did life evolve spontaneously from inorganic molecules?  testable

6. AP Biology Conditions on early Earth  Reducing atmosphere  water vapor (H 2 O), CO 2, N 2, NO x, H 2, NH 3, CH 4, H 2 S  lots of available H & its electron  no free oxygen  Energy source  lightning, UV radiation, volcanic low O 2 = organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly What’s missing from that atmosphere?

7. AP Biology Water vapor Condensed liquid with complex, organic molecules Condenser Mixture of gases ("primitive atmosphere") Heated water ("ocean") Electrodes discharge sparks (lightning simulation) Water Origin of Organic Molecules  Abiotic synthesis  1920 Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis  1953 Miller & Urey test hypothesis  formed organic compounds  amino acids  adenine CH 4 NH 3 H2H2

8. AP Biology Stanley Miller University of Chicago produced -amino acids -hydrocarbons -nitrogen bases -other organics It ’ s ALIVE!

9. AP Biology Origin of Cells (Protobionts)  Bubbles  separate inside from outside  metabolism & reproduction

10. AP Biology Origin of Genetics  RNA is likely first genetic material  multi-functional  codes information  self-replicating molecule  makes inheritance possible  natural selection & evolution  enzyme functions  ribozymes  replication  regulatory molecule  transport molecule  tRNA & mRNA Dawn of natural selection

11. AP Biology

12. Fossil Record  Found in diverse environments:  Sedimentary rock  petrified (stone) trees  molds left in stone  preserved organisms in amber  preserved bodies in areas with little decomposition (frozen in ice, in acid…)

13. AP Biology Fossil Dating  Relative Dating  fossils are frozen in time  Compare similar strata of rock to obtain a relative date  Radiometric Dating (Absolute Dating) gives a more exact age for the fossil  Uses radioactive isotope half-lives Uses radioactive isotope half-lives

14. AP Biology Key Events in Origin of Life  Key events in evolutionary history of life on Earth  life originated 3.5–4.0 bya

15. AP Biology Prokaryotes  Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya 3.5 billion year old fossil of bacteria modern bacteria chains of one-celled cyanobacteria

16. AP Biology Stromatolites Fossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies Lynn Margulis

17. AP Biology Oxygen atmosphere  Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya  reducing  oxidizing atmosphere  evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting  makes aerobic respiration possible  photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae)

18. AP Biology First Eukaryotes  Development of internal membranes  create internal micro-environments  advantage: specialization = increase efficiency  natural selection! infolding of the plasma membrane DNA cell wall plasma membrane Prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) nuclear envelope nucleus plasma membrane ~2 bya

19. AP Biology Endosymbiosis Ancestral eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion internal membrane system aerobic bacterium mitochondrion Endosymbiosis  Evolution of eukaryotes  origin of mitochondria  engulfed aerobic bacteria, but did not digest them  mutually beneficial relationship  natural selection!

20. AP Biology mitochondrion chloroplast Eukaryotic cell with chloroplast & mitochondrion Endosymbiosis photosynthetic bacterium Endosymbiosis  Evolution of eukaryotes  origin of chloroplasts  engulfed photosynthetic bacteria, but did not digest them  mutually beneficial relationship  natural selection! Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion

21. AP Biology  Evidence  structural  mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure  genetic  mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, like bacteria  functional  mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the cell  mitochondria & chloroplasts reproduce independently from the cell Theory of Endosymbiosis Lynn Margulis

22. AP Biology Cambrian explosion  Diversification of Animals  within 10–20 million years most of the major phyla of animals appear in fossil record 543 mya

23. AP Biology

24. Continental Drift  Earth’s history explains geographical distribution of species  Continental drift has influenced major evolutionary events  250 mya all land masses converged into Pangaea 250 mya all land masses converged into Pangaea  Drifting of continents helps explain:  marsupials of Australia  matching fossils in Brazil and West Africa

25. AP Biology Continental Drift

26. AP Biology Major Adaptive Radiations  Evolutionary change where groups form new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological niches  Evolve novel characteristic - opens an adaptive zone  Animal evolution of hard body may have led to Cambrian explosion  Mammals with unique novelties did not diversify until dinosaurs opened up the adaptive zone to them

27. AP Biology Diversity of life & periods of mass extinction Cambrian explosion

28. AP Biology The Chicxulub impact crater in the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico indicates an asteroid or comet struck the earth and changed conditions 65 million years ago Cretaceous extinction

29. AP Biology Early mammal evolution  125 mya mammals began to radiate out & fill niches

30. AP Biology Classifying Life  Molecular data challenges 5 Kingdoms  Monera was too diverse  2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes  Protists are still too diverse  not yet sorted out

31. AP Biology 3 Domain system  Domains = “Super” Kingdoms  Bacteria  Archaea  extremophiles = live in extreme environments  methanogens  halogens  thermophiles  Eukarya  eukaryotes  protists  fungi  plants  animals

32. AP Biology Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria

33. AP Biology 2008-2009 Any Questions?? Is there life elsewhere? Does it look like life on Earth?