1. Chapter 9

2. Focus Questions 1) What is the purpose of cell respiration? 2) What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 3) What is fermentation and what are the possible products? 4) What is glycolysis? 5) What occurs during the Krebs cycle? 6) How is ATP made from the electron transport chain?

3. I) Principals of energy harvest A) Catabolic pathways 1) a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking bonds a) fermentation: without oxygen b) respiration: with O2

4. 2) an organism’s goal is to transfer this stored energy into ATP

5. 3) ATP synthesis driven by redox reactions a) LEO says GER lose e-, oxidized gain e-, reduced b) example:

6. 4) NAD+ as an oxidizing agent(becomes reduced) a) this transfers high energy electrons throughout the process of respiration

7. II) Cell Respiration A) Glycolysis 1) breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules

10. 2) 2 ATP are required to start this process

11. 3) As it continues, H+ and e- are pulled off and given to NAD+(to become reduced)

12. 4) Final products are: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvic acid(which immediately ionize into pyruvate and H+) http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=3GTjQTqUuOw http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=6JGXayUyNVw&feat ure=related

13. B) Krebs 1) Pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria and loses a carboxyl group, which is replaced by coenzyme A. Now called acetyl CoA a) now gain an NADH

14. 2) Acetyl CoA officially enters the Krebs cycle by binding to Oxaloacetate

15. 3) This goes along an enzymatic pathway that snips C, and O off, creating CO2, NADH, and FADH2

16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFiaIS1IKIA&feat ure=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFiaIS1IKIA&feat ure=related

17. 4) Final products by the end of glycolysis and Krebs are: Glycolysis: 2 ATP 2 NADH+ Krebs 8 NADH+ 2 FADH2 2 ATP 6 CO2

18. C) Electron Transport

19. 1) Components of ETC

20. 2) Movement of e- and generation of H+ gradient(electrochemical gradient)

21. 3) Chemiosmosis

22. http://vcell.ndsu.edu/ani mations/etc/movie.htm http://vcell.ndsu.edu/ani mations/etc/movie.htm

23. III) Fermentation Facultative anaerobes:

24. IV) Respiration extended A) Fuels other than glucose 1) Proteins a) must be broken down into individual amino acids, and then their amino group is removed by deamination

25. 2) Fats: energy is stored in fatty acids. Beta oxidation breaks them down and sticks them in as acetyl CoA.

26. B) Feedback 1) Phosphofructokinase(PF K): major enzyme in glycolysis a) AMP is made from ADP, so high levels of AMP stimulate PFK. b) If energy is being produced, ATP and citrate inhibit PFK so too much isn’t made.