1. Effective Hamiltonian Operations Condensing Physics to Conserve Over Time Joseph Knips

2. First a little backstory... When we think of physics simulation, more often than not we wish to think of the position of some object in some space. With one dimensional motion, it's simple enough, as the position (x) of some object a is: We would use Euler's method, which uses a series of steps, to graph the change in position. However this is flaw. What if the step size is too great? What if the motion of some object changes drastically that the step 'misses' it?

3. First a little backstory... Let's take an example. Let us say a simple harmonic oscillator.

4. First a little backstory... This looks fine... until we do it over time...

5. First a little backstory... We can see why when we graph the energy

6. Well it's broke, how do we fix it? It's obvious that Euler's method begins to lose some of its accuracy after so many iterations. We need something not dependant on 'step sizes' (such as time), but more of the property of energy. These are called Hamiltonian functions. Instead of conserving momentum, position, or what have you, we instead preserve energy in a condensed equation. Since energy is conserved, we can, with the use of partial derivatives, pull out any information needed. For example, our harmonic oscillator has the Hamiltonian: Note this is similar to Newton's Energy formula: Total Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy (When m=k=1)

7. Now for the tools of the job. But how do we use the Hamiltonians? There are two major ways: Symplectic and Runge-Kutta. Symplectic Method: Uses the integration of the Hamiltonian to discover the function of its momentum and position. Depending on the order of integration used adds 'calibration' constants through the method of taylor expansion. For example, the second order Symplectic of the Oscillator Hamiltonian gives us:

8. Symplectic Integrator 2nd/4th Order Using our Harmonic Oscillator, our integrand results of the Hamiltonian is: As we can see, Energy is conserved for both 2nd and 4th order integrands of our Oscillator.

9. Symplectic Integrator 2nd/4th Order And as a result:

10. Symplectic Integrator 2nd/4th Order And as a result:

11. But if we look closer...

12. And to further complicate things... When we try to use a non-linear, non-separable equation, such as the Henon-Heiles Hamiltonian: It is not true on closer inspection Comparing to the Runge-Kutta method, we find initially that they seem to be equivalent...

13. By comparing the two data sets of both Runge-Kutta and Symplectic, we attempted to see what is the primary cause of the difference. We manipulated the equation in the following ways: Where epsilon one and two stood for some random value between 0-1. By manipulating this value, we could see which term distinguished the difference between the two method.

14. By manipulating epsilon 1, we got the following:

15. By manipulating epsilon 1 and 2 to be equal to zero, we see an interesting trend:

16. Conclusion If we consider the Runge-Kutta to be the more accurate method of calculating physical simulations, it is interesting to note that there is some intrinsic error (or difference as the case may be) to the Symplectic method. This is probably due to the different methods that each technique uses to calculate the 'calibration' techniques. Runge-Kutta uses a much more aggressive, mathematical, and heavy weighed average of constants than the Symplectic does. It is for this reason that Symplectic fails when the function becomes non-separable (Such as an xy or xp term). However, symplectic is still good for when Energy is conserved in a system and can do more calculations than Runge-Kutta