2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1What is a mineral? Lesson 2Lesson 2How are minerals identified? Lesson 3Lesson 3Sources and Uses of Minerals Chapter Wrap-Up Mark Schneider/Getty Images

3. Chapter Introduction What are minerals and why are they useful?

4. Chapter Introduction What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

5. Chapter Introduction 1.A mineral is anything solid on Earth. 2.Some minerals form when water evaporates from Earth’s surface. 3.The best way to identify a mineral is by color. Do you agree or disagree?

6. Chapter Introduction 4.Hardness, streak, and luster are among the properties used to identify minerals. 5.An ore is a concentration of minerals that contains only iron. 6.Gemstone and ore deposits are evenly distributed around the world. Do you agree or disagree?

7. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC What is a mineral? What are the common rock-forming minerals? How do minerals form? What is a mineral?

8. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab mineral silicate crystallization magma lava What is a mineral?

9. Lesson 1-1 A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms or ions.mineral There are approximately 4,000 minerals on Earth, but only about 30 are common. What is a mineral?

10. Lesson 1-1 What is a mineral? (cont.) What is a mineral?

11. Lesson 1-1 Of the 30 common minerals, ten are rock-forming minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and olivine. These minerals occur naturally and are not made in a laboratory. What is a mineral? (cont.)

12. Lesson 1-1 Minerals have a definite chemical composition. Some minerals, such as silver and sulfur, are composed of just one element. These are known as native elements. Other minerals are made up of a combination of several elements. What is a mineral? (cont.)

13. Lesson 1-1 Minerals form predictable crystal patterns. The internal arrangement of atoms or ions determines the shape of a crystal. What is a mineral? (cont.)

14. Lesson 1-1 A crystal is a solid with a repeating arrangement of atoms or ions in 3 directions. What is a mineral? (cont.)

15. Lesson 1-1 What is a mineral? (cont.) crystal Science Use a solid of a chemical substance with a regular, repeating arrangement of its atoms Common Use a clear, colorless glass of superior quality

16. Lesson 1-1 Minerals are solids, meaning they exhibit an orderly internal arrangement of atoms or ions. Minerals are inorganic, or not from biologic origins. Despite being inorganic, some minerals can form as a result of organic processes. What is a mineral? (cont.)

17. Lesson 1-1 What is a mineral? (cont.) Identify the five main characteristics of a mineral.

18. Lesson 1-2 Minerals occur in many different shapes. When a crystal forms under the right conditions and has time to grow, it will develop a characteristic crystal shape. Most of the time, minerals grow in tiny clusters. The Structure of Minerals

19. Lesson 1-2 The common rock-forming minerals are composed of combinations of elements that are abundant in Earth’s crust. Oxygen and silicon are the two most abundant elements in the crust. The Structure of Minerals (cont.)

20. Lesson 1-2 The two main families of rock-forming minerals are the silicates and the nonsilicates. A silicate is a member of the mineral group that has silicon and oxygen in its crystal structure.silicate Nonsilicate minerals do not contain silicon. The Structure of Minerals (cont.)

21. Lesson 1-2 The Structure of Minerals (cont.) What are the two main families of rock-forming minerals?

22. Lesson 1-3 All minerals form through crystallization. The process of crystallization occurs when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt solidify and form crystals.crystallization The chemical and physical properties of minerals can help geologists infer the type of environment where these minerals formed. How do minerals form?

23. Lesson 1-3 Minerals can crystallize from either hot or cool solutions. As water evaporates from a cool solution in a dry environment, solids crystallize out of the water and form minerals. Sometimes minerals can crystallize from water in environments that aren’t dry. How do minerals form? (cont.)

24. Lesson 1-3 Hot solutions are made when water flows through cracks in the crust into deep and hot environments. Sometimes hot solutions carry large concentrations of dissolved solids that eventually become valuable mineral deposits. How do minerals form? (cont.)

25. Lesson 1-3 Minerals can also form from magma. Magma is molten material stored beneath Earth’s surface. Magma When magma erupts on or near Earth’s surface, it is called lava or ash.lava How do minerals form? (cont.) lava from Latin lavare, means “to wash”

26. Lesson 1-3 As lava or ash cools above ground or magma cools underground, atoms and ions arrange themselves and form mineral crystals. Small crystals form as lava cools quickly on or near Earth’s surface and large crystals sometimes form as magma cools and crystallizes slowly below Earth’s surface. How do minerals form? (cont.)

27. Lesson 1-3 Minerals that form deep within Earth’s crust and mantle are stable under high pressure and high temperature conditions. Metamorphic activity can uplift minerals from great depths onto Earth’s surface. Changes in pressure and temperature on Earth’s surface combined with agents of erosion can cause minerals to break down and eventually form new minerals. How do minerals form? (cont.)

28. Lesson 1-3 How do minerals form? (cont.) Identify the ways minerals can form.

29. Lesson 1 - VS A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline form. Crystal shape reflects the internal arrangement of atoms or ions. The most common rock-forming minerals are silicates.

30. Lesson 1 – LR1 A.definite B.indefinite C.unstable D.stable What type of chemical composition do minerals have?

31. Lesson 1 – LR2 A.mantle B.core C.crust D.oceans The common rock-forming minerals are composed of combinations of elements found in which part of the Earth?

32. Lesson 1 – LR3 A.evaporation B.disintegration C.crystal growth D.crystallization Which process occurs when particles dissolved in a liquid or gas solidify and form crystals?

33. Lesson 1 - Now 1.A mineral is anything solid on Earth. 2.Some minerals form when water evaporates from Earth’s surface. Do you agree or disagree?

34. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC Why is it necessary to use more than one property for mineral identification? What properties can you use to identify minerals? How are minerals identified?

35. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab mineralogist luster streak hardness How are minerals identified? cleavage fracture density

36. Lesson 2-1 Mineralogists are scientists who study the distribution of minerals, mineral properties, and their uses.Mineralogists Scientists use the physical and chemical properties of minerals to learn a mineral’s identity and classify unknown minerals. Physical Properties

37. Lesson 2-1 Color alone cannot be used for mineral identification because many different minerals can be the same color. Variations in color reflect the presence of different types of chemical impurities, such as iron, chromium, or manganese. Physical Properties (cont.)

38. Lesson 2-1 Physical Properties (cont.) Why can’t the mineral quartz be classified based on color alone?

39. Lesson 2-1 The way a mineral reflects or absorbs light at its surface is called luster.luster Minerals that are also metals, such as copper, silver, and gold, reflect light and produce the shiniest luster, called metallic luster. Physical Properties (cont.) DEA/A.RIZZI/Getty Images

40. Lesson 2-1 Luster is directly related to the chemical composition of minerals. Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form.Streak Streak is only useful for identifying minerals that are softer than porcelain. Nonmetallic minerals generally produce a white streak. Physical Properties (cont.)

41. Lesson 2-1 Many metallic minerals produce characteristic streak colors. Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.Hardness Friedrich Mohs developed the Mohs’ hardness scale to compare the hardness of different minerals, with scale ranging from 1 to 10. Physical Properties (cont.)

42. Lesson 2-1

43. Sometimes the way a mineral breaks provides clues to its identity. The arrangement of atoms or ions and the strengths of their chemical bonds determine how a mineral breaks. Minerals break where bonds between atoms or ions are weak. Physical Properties (cont.)

44. Lesson 2-1 If a mineral breaks with smooth, flat surfaces, it has cleavage.cleavage Physical Properties (cont.) cleavage from Old English cleofan, means “to split, separate” If a mineral breaks and forms uneven surfaces, it has fracture.fracture

45. Lesson 2-1 The density of a mineral is also helpful in identifying it. The density of an object is equal to its mass divided by its volume.density Some minerals have special properties, such as texture, odor, fluorescence, magnetism, or the way they react when they come in contact with hydrochloric acid. Physical Properties (cont.)

46. Lesson 2-1 Physical Properties (cont.) Identify all the properties used to classify an unknown mineral.

47. Lesson 2 - VS Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form. Minerals vary in hardness. Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Minerals with special properties such as fluorescence can be easier to identify. DEA/A.RIZZI/Getty Images

48. Lesson 2 – LR1 A.cleavage B.streak C.fracture D.density Which term refers to the color of a mineral in powdered form?

49. Lesson 2 – LR2 A.cleavage B.density C.luster D.hardness Friedrich Mohs developed a scale to compare which attribute of different minerals?

50. Lesson 2 – LR3 A.weight B.density C.hardness D.size Which of these is equal to an object’s mass divided by its volume?

51. Lesson 2 - Now 3.The best way to identify a mineral is by color. 4.Hardness, streak, and luster are among the properties used to identify minerals. Do you agree or disagree?

52. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC How are minerals used in your daily life? Why are minerals a valuable resource? Sources and Uses of Minerals

53. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab ore gemstone Sources and Uses of Minerals

54. Lesson 3-1 Minerals are valuable resources used to construct many parts of a home.

55. Lesson 3-1 Rock that contains high enough concentrations of a desired substance that it can be mined for a profit is called an ore.ore Ores of the elements iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) are among the most abundant of the metallic mineral resources used every day. Mineral Resources

56. Lesson 3-1 Aluminum is abundant in Earth’s crust but rarely occurs as a native element. Gold occurs in a ration of 1 part gold to 4 billion parts rock in Earth’s crust, but in large enough concentrations to be mined for profit. The technology industry is dependent upon metallic mineral resources like platinum. Mineral Resources (cont.)

57. Lesson 3-1 Humans use nonmetallic minerals that are not ores, such as the raw materials used for road construction, building stone, and fertilizers. Mineral Resources (cont.) Construction site: Sascha/Photonica/Getty Images Limestone block: Joel Sartore/National Geographic/Getty Images White gravel: Mark Harwood/Getty Images Sand: Siede Preis/Getty Images

58. Lesson 3-1 Mineral Resources (cont.) List at least five examples of minerals and their common use.

59. Lesson 3-1 A gemstone is a rare and attractive mineral that can be worn as jewelry after it is cut and polished.gemstone Mineral Resources (cont.)

60. Lesson 3-1 The physical properties of gemstones also make them useful in industry. Sometimes human-made gems are less expensive than the same natural gems. Mineral Resources (cont.)

61. Lesson 3 - VS An ore contains high enough concentrations of a desired substance that it can be mined at a profit. Mineral resources are used in the construction of buildings, cars, and planes. A gemstone is a valuable mineral known for its beauty, rarity, or durability. Construction site: Sascha/Photonica/Getty Images Limestone block: Joel Sartore/National Geographic/Getty Images White gravel: Mark Harwood/Getty Images Sand: Siede Preis/Getty Images

62. Lesson 3 – LR1 A.crystal B.ore C.rock D.gemstone What is a rare and attractive mineral that can be worn as jewelry after it is cut and polished?

63. Lesson 3 – LR2 A.diamonds B.gemstones C.iron and aluminum ores D.gold Which of these are among the most abundant of the metallic mineral resources used every day?

64. Lesson 3 – LR3 A.sand B.gems C.minerals D.stones Which of these are rare, like diamonds, but have physical properties that sometimes make them useful in industry?

65. Lesson 3 - Now 5.An ore is a concentration of minerals that contains only iron. 6.Gemstone and ore deposits are evenly distributed around the world. Do you agree or disagree?

66. Chapter Review Menu Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

67. The BIG Idea Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms. Minerals are used in everyday materials and as gemstones.

68. Key Concepts 1 A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms. Minerals form from crystallization of hot and cool solutions above and below Earth’s surface. They also form from cooling magma. Lesson 1: What is a mineral? Mark Schneider/Getty Images

69. Key Concepts 2 Lesson 2:How are minerals identified? Minerals are identified by their physical properties: color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density, and other special properties. The same mineral can exist in many different colors due to chemical impurities. More than one mineral can be the same color. DEA/A.RIZZI/Getty Images

70. Key Concepts 3 An ore is a metallic mineral resource mined for a profit. Both metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources are valuable in your everyday life. Some gemstones are valuable because they are rare, beautiful, and durable. Lesson 3:Sources and Uses of Minerals Construction site: Sascha/Photonica/Getty Images Limestone block: Joel Sartore/National Geographic/Getty Images White gravel: Mark Harwood/Getty Images Sand: Siede Preis/Getty Images

71. Chapter Review – MC1 A.rock B.solids C.crystals D.magma Which term refers to minerals that exhibit an orderly internal arrangement of atoms or ions?

72. Chapter Review – MC2 A.crystal B.water C.silicon D.lava Which term describes magma when it erupts on or near Earth’s surface?

73. Chapter Review – MC3 A.cleavage B.density C.fracture D.luster If a mineral breaks with smooth, flat surfaces, it has which of these?

74. Chapter Review – MC4 A.luster B.hardness C.density D.streak What term refers to a mineral’s resistance to being scratched?

75. Chapter Review – MC5 A.metallic B.nonmetallic C.natural D.native Ores of the elements iron and aluminum are among the most abundant of which mineral resources?

76. Chapter Review – STP1 A.ore B.mineral C.rock D.magma What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition?

77. Chapter Review – STP2 A.silicate B.nonsilicate C.mineral D.crystal Which of these is a member of the mineral group that has silicon and oxygen in its crystal structure?

78. Chapter Review – STP3 A.lava B.ash C.magma D.crystal Which term describes molten material stored beneath Earth’s surface?

79. Chapter Review – STP4 A.fracture B.cleavage C.hardness D.density If a mineral breaks and forms uneven surfaces, it has which of the following?

80. Chapter Review – STP5 A.gemstone B.ore C.metal D.metallic mineral Which of these describes rock that contains high enough concentrations of a desired substance and can be mined for profit?