1. CANADA 1945- 1982 Canadian Identity Did Canada follow its own unique path to 1982?

2. How did the end of the war affect the economy? 1945- plants closed, many wartime workers lost their jobs (reminiscent of 1919) Government relaxed rules on production- companies were allowed to make what was in demand (cars) Government sponsored major building projects Canada was in good shape: we had a large, skilled workforce, large technologically advanced industrial capacity, a population who had been rationing- eager to spend

3. Coming Home Soldiers received money and their Victory bonds profits Government sponsored retraining programs (free tuition) Women were asked to return to traditional female roles (veterans, factory workers “retrained”- Robertson Hairdressing school) Baby Boom- 1949 13.5 million- 1959 17.5 million (30% rise) The consequences was demand for many “family” things- companies switched from military items to consumer items

6. Economic Initiatives Need for public buildings and infrastructure (hospitals, schools, roads, libraries, canals etc…) Trans Canada Highway 1959 St. Lawrence Seaway 1951 (alone), 1945 (with USA help) (Ethical Dimension- the “Lost Villages” (page 346)) Elliot Lake

8. Changing Lives Prosperity- natural resources, oil, infrastructure- jobs, jobs jobs= $, $, $= spend, spend, spend Very few people went further than high school- too many accessible strong jobs Women were the exception, they made up only 23% of the workforce National Housing Act- accessible, inexpensive housing- open land= Suburbs

10. Suburbs- A New Way of Life Cars- live in the ‘burbs, commute to work, school or play Because travelling was required if people wanted anything, many people restricted their travelling to what was available in the ‘burbs’- grocery store, mall, school and church Less interaction between people, created a new sense of privacy and independence (from people and the government) Technologies- Consumer Culture- TV, toys, music, movies But there were barriers to this- Blue Laws- (sale of alcohol, economic activity on certain days, etc…)

12. STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY Why did Canada start addressing inequalities?

13. Awareness August 1 st 1956- Emancipation Day Celebrations (Martin Luther King, Jr.) Changing “face” of Canada since the end of the war New people, new sensibilities, new ideas Cause and Consequence- Which had a bigger impact; American Civil Rights Movement, or the growing diversity within Canada…hmm…

14. Awareness Media- the media had been dominated by men, but during the war many women were hired to fill journalistic roles Post war- New stories, with an increased viewership, changed from dry news reports to more sensational human interest stories that attracted more public attention- competition for audiences and boom, you have paparazzi Springhill Mining Disaster 1958- live coverage of a dangerous working site, how might that effect change? *Maurice Ruddick and Georgia

16. Ethical Dimension “Judging a Relocation”- 356- 357

17. Inequality Voting-1960- all adult Canadians Canadian Bill of Rights- 1960- recognition of an individuals rights and freedoms- major stepping stone to equality Social Programs- family allowance (Baby Bonus) Employment Insurance Health Programs- 1950’s immunization, extending health coverage to all people Labour

18. Canadian Culture? 1950- Canadian novels- 14 Vincent Massey- Canada needed to nurture its culture or deal with an Americanized society 1957 Canadian Council for the Arts- foster and promote the study of and enjoyment of arts and culture Ethical Dimension- whose culture- British? Native? French? Impact- Canadian Publishing Houses (McLelland), Canadian Dance Associations, Independent Art Galleries

19. WHAT KING OF CANADA DID CANADIANS WANT IN THE 1960’S?

20. Social Programs The “Right” to Health Care- creation of a social safety net (British movement) The Welfare State- the state should take care of its citizens- Why did Britain’s example have more influence on us than the lack of a welfare state in the USA? Tommy Douglas and the CCF/NDP- Saskatchewan- 1959 Universal Health Care 1966 due to Tommy Douglas’s politics the Medical Care Act is passed- Universal Free Health Care

21. A New Generation, A New Canada 1940s/1950’s parents- happy with conformity- job, raising a family, car, white picket fence The children of the boomers- rejected the constraints of the consumer culture their parents had created This generation essentially refused to follow- wore causal clothing, grew their hair long, didn’t wear “feminine clothes made by men”, didn’t join sports or youth groups- went to music shows and festivals instead Argued against the governments ‘status quo’- Peace, not War

25. A New Generation, A New Canada Protest- art and music- Many teens learned guitar themselves First TV protest- Anti- Vietnam

27. Demand for Rights A leader who matched the mood of the times- Pierre Trudeau Bilingual, young, energetic, federalist Minister of Justice 1967, PM in 1968- as Minister of Justice- reformed society, TOTALLY Arrogant, cocky, “hip”, but also very intelligent, strong, and charismatic

28. Demand for Rights Ontario Human Rights Code Capital Punishment 1966- 1976 LGBT Rights- 1967 Omnibus Bill- “…there is no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation” Divorce Birth Control 1961 Abortion Access 1969 Multiculturalism

30. Focus: Canadian identity PM Mackenzie King- 1940’s- suggested that Canada should have a flag of its own 1920’s- 1940’s Red Ensign Veterans wanted to keep the Union Jack or another symbol of Britain Many Canadians however felt it was time to have a more modern identifiable flag, one not just for British ancestors but for the future of Canada Quebec

31. Focus: Canadian identity 1963 PM Lester B. Pearson (who won a Nobel peace prize) “settle the flag debate within two years” All Canadians could sketch and send in their ideas- a committee was also set up 1964 Diefenbaker (former PM) attacked Pearson’s idea Diefenbaker demanded a flag that respected the past and Pearson demanded a flag that looked forward that all Canadians could identify with

32. Focus: Canadian identity 5900 designs were submitted from 1963- 1964- a 15 member all party was created to examine and determine a choice See three finalists Historian George Stanley designed the final choice- single maple leaf with red bars on both sides *King George V- red and White were authorized as Canada’s official colours

36. Focus: Canadian identity Stanley’s reasons: - The first Canadiens used the Maple Leaf as an emblem - Canadians had in the past up to the 60’s wore it as a symbol - The maple leaf was on the coat of arms of Canada, Quebec and Ontario - The maple leaf was not a symbol of any other country - It stands out, even from a distance - It avoids racial symbols which could be divisive

37. Activity See handout from “Creating Canada: A History 1914 to the Present” pg. 337