1. Lecture 5 – Function (Part 2) FTMK, UTeM – Sem 1 2013/2014

2.  At the end of this lecture, you should be able to  use reference variables as parameters  when to use function that pass by value and pass by reference 2

3.  A mechanism that allows a function to work with the original argument from the function call, not a copy of the argument  Allows the function to modify values stored in the calling environment  Provides a way for the function to ‘return’ more than one value 3

4.  A reference variable is an alias for another variable  Defined with an ampersand ( & ) void getDimensions(int &, int &);  Changes to a reference variable are made to the variable it refers to  Use reference variables to implement passing parameters by reference 4

5. The & here in the prototype indicates that the parameter is a reference variable. Here we are passing the value by reference. (Program Continues) 5

6. The & also appears here in the function header. Program 6-25 (Continued) 6

7.  Each reference parameter must contain &  Space between type and & is unimportant  Must use & in both prototype and header  Argument passed to reference parameter must be a variable – cannot be an expression or constant  Use when appropriate – don’t use when argument should not be changed by function, or if function needs to return only 1 value 7

8. 8 Source: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/373419/http://stackoverflow.com/questions/373419/ whats-the-difference-between-passing-by-reference-vs-passing-by-value

9.  The C++ run-time library provides several functions for performing specific operations such as performing complex mathematical operations.  The C++ Standard Library can be categorized into two parts:  The Standard Function Library: This library consists of general-purpose,stand-alone functions that are not part of any class. The function library is inherited from C.  The Object Oriented Class Library: This is a collection of classes and associated functions.  Standard C++ Library incorporates all the Standard C libraries also, with small additions and changes to support type safety. 9

10.  The standard function library is divided into the following categories:  I/O  String and character handling  Mathematical  Time, date, and localization  Dynamic allocation  Miscellaneous  Wide-character functions 10

11.  Standard C++ Object Oriented Library defines an extensive set of classes that provide support for a number of common activities, including I/O, strings, and numeric processing. This library includes following:  The Standard C++ I/O Classes  The String Class  The Numeric Classes  The STL Container Classes  The STL Algorithms  The STL Function Objects  The STL Iterators  The STL Allocators  The Localization library  Exception Handling Classes  Miscellaneous Support Library 11

12.  Terminates the execution of a program  Can be called from any function  Can pass an int value to operating system to indicate status of program termination  Usually used for abnormal termination of program  Requires cstdlib header file  Use carefully 12

13.  Use an integer value to indicate program status  Often, 0 means successful completion, non- zero indicates a failure condition  Example: exit(0);  Can use the two constants define in cstdlib header that are commonly passed, to indicate success or failure: exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); 13

14.  Do you know how to use reference variables as parameters?  Do you know why and when to use function that pass by reference?  Do you know why and when to use function that pass by value? 14