1. BELLWORK 1.Is knowledge of the past ever certain? Why or why not? 2.How can history help in understanding the present or future? 3.Why do accounts of the same historical event differ? Whose history do we study? 4.Is historical objectivity ever possible? Or is all history biased? Explain! 5.THINKER: What problems are posed for the study of history by changes in language and culture over time?

2. MAP QUIZ ON FRIDAY! 30 points Identify 20 countries in North, Central & South America 5 Canadian provinces 5 physical features

3. Indigenous Peoples of the Americas Pueblos Indígenas Aboriginal Peoples Native Americans

4. The Earliest Americans The first Natives migrated to the Americas through Beringia: land bridge connecting Asia to Alaska. ~30,000-12,000 years ago Over thousands of years, the native population began to expand southward and eastward.

7. Native American Groups by 1500

9. Native American groups pre- European colonization

10. The Earliest Americans Depended heavily on agriculture Practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large- scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires

11. Indigenous Peoples in the Americas North America –First Nations, Inuit, Métis, Alaskan Natives, Apache, Cherokee, Navajo South America –Olmec, Toltec, Zapotec, Aztec, Maya, Inca Advanced in architecture, irrigation, astronomy and mathematics

12. Tenochtitlan

14. The Earliest Americans Early indigenous populations are divided into three different groups: 1.Cliff Dwellers 2.Mound Builders 3.Eastern Woodlands

15. Cliff Dwellers Lived in the desert climates Developed farming Used irrigation Built great works of architecture (underground houses, dams, spiritual centers) Formed egalitarian societies: everyone is equal; no kings or chiefs

17. Mound-builders Lived in the watered countryside and Great Plains region Built huge burial mounds Traded widely (glass, copper, clothes, and jewelry) Worked with metal

20. Eastern Woodland groups Lived in forests along the Eastern coasts of the Americas Practiced hunting and farming Dominated by the Iroquois Confederation. Iroquois Confederation: most populous group in the east; combined 5 Native American groups for mutual protection.

22. Top 10 largest Indigenous populations in the Americas Total population of indigenous peoples in the Americas: Approximately 52 million Mexico14.3 million Peru13.8 million Bolivia6 million Guatemala5.4 million Ecuador3.4 million U.S.2.9 million Chile1.7 million Colombia1.4 million Canada1.2 million Brazil700,000

23. Native language groups ~1,000

24. Exploration of the Americas The Indigenous Populations of the Americas lived for thousands of years before they encountered Europeans. Why do you think Europeans first came to the Americas?

25. European Exploration Wkst. During the exploration era, four main countries colonized the Americas: Spain Portugal France England Each country had their own goals for colonization. To learn more about exploration and discovery of the Americas, you are going to complete a graphic organizer specific to the European powers and their effort to colonize. Use the handout to complete the BRITISH and SPANISH portions & “History of Latin America” pgs. 53-63 to complete the PORTUGUESE column.

26. Grab a handout from the front and read the “Geography of the Americas” section. Next, answer the following questions: 1.What geographic obstacles did Europeans face in their colonization of Latin America? 2.How did the physical obstacles effect the government of Latin America? 3.Compare and contrast the geographical advantages/disadvantages between Spanish South America and British North America. 4.Why were bodies of water important to early settlements? 5.Which regions of the Americas were colonized by the British? Which regions of the Americas were colonized by the Spanish?