1. Ch 4 Recap: Shaping an Ecosystem Community Interactions: –Competition –Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism –EX. Lichen (fungus and algae) –Predation Predator Prey –Defense Mechanisms

2. Ecosystems are constantly changing over time: Ecological Succession

3. Ecological Succession: Change is Good - Crash Course Ecology #6 - YouTubeEcological Succession: Change is Good - Crash Course Ecology #6 - YouTube

4. Ecological Succession The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. 2 types –Primary –Secondary

5. Primary Succession Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists Island Formed by an Undersea Volcano Rocks exposed when glaciers melt Starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens (algae+ Fungus) that DO NOT NEED SOIL to survive. PIONEER SPECIES – the first organisms to populate an area (ex. Lichens in primary succ)

7. Primary Succession (Steps) 1. Making SOIL: Lichens and the forces of weathering / erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to making soil.

9. Primary Succession 2. Mosses and Ferns begin growing a. small insects move in.

10. Primary Succession The simple plants die, adding more organic material 3.Grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over. a. small birds and small mammals begin moving in.

11. Primary Succession These plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil 4. Shrubs and trees can survive now a. organisms become even more diverse.

12. Primary Succession 5. What was once bare rock now supports a variety of life !!!

13. Lichens PRIMARY SUCCESSION Mosses Ferns Grasses Flowers Shrubs Small Trees Large Trees Pioneer species

15. Ecological Succession of the Climax Forest - YouTubeEcological Succession of the Climax Forest - YouTube

16. Secondary Succession Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms Succession that occurs after an ecosystem was destroyed Occurs faster and has DIFFERENT PIONEER SPECIES than primary succession (common examples grasses/weeds/ferns)

17. Grass Wild Flowers Woody Shrubs Small trees Large trees 1. 2.3.4.5. Pioneer Species

18. Causes of Secondary Succession Natural Disasters Floods Fires Volcanoes Hurricanes Tornadoes Man Made Disturbances : Farming Logging Mining Building Fires? Ecosystems MAY NOT recover from man-made disturbances!

23. Climax Community A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process Does not always mean big trees –Grasses in prairies –Cacti in deserts

24. Large Trees

25. Glacial Retreat Primary Succession

26. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem