1. The Industrial Revolution The shift to factories and machines Samuel Slater arrives in Rhode Island with plans to build machines from memory Slater seeks Moses Brown to finance his plans for machinery This results in the building of many different types of mills in the country

2. Factories = Centers of Industry Factory System – using power-driven machinery and laborers assigned to different tasks Mass Production – the production of goods in large quantities The combination of these two events creates the Industrial Revolution – social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed

3. Interchangeable Parts In 1798 Eli Whitney signed a contract with the U.S. to make 10,000 guns in 2 years Whitney proposed to make individual parts of a gun The idea of interchangeable parts was used to manufacture muskets.

4. The Lowell Experiment The Lowell Experiment Boston merchant, Francis Cabot Lowell builds a mill with both spinning and weaving under the same roof This factory was built in Waltham, Mass. After his death, the towns name was changed to Lowell, Mass.

5. “Lowell Girls” By 1836, Lowell, Mass. grew to a village of 10,000 people Mills started to hire young woman who were called “Lowell Girls” The women lived in boardinghouses with rules to protect them Many women enjoyed the economic freedom that came from working in the mills

8. R OBERT F ULTON & THE S TEAMBOAT Steamboat – Burned wood or coal to generate steam, which forces a large paddle to push through the water Greatly improves speed of travel, greatly increases use of Mississippi River 1 st commercial steamboat & service developed in 1807, by Robert Fulton ( Clermont )

9. E RIE C ANAL Most canals were built in the US, the most famous one was the Erie Canal Ran 363 miles across New York State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River Helped make New York City the nation’s largest commercial center

11. Birth of Railroads Originally from Great Britain, began to appear in the United States in the 1820s Horses originally pulled the first American trains until steam engines were invented More efficient than ships, cheaper to build rails 1800s, trip from NYC to Detroit, Michigan took 28 days by boat VS a train which took 2 days

12. The National Road Construction began in 1811 on the Cumberland (National) Road The road started in Cumberland, Md., and ended in Vandalia, IL Congress abandoned further internal improvements The National Road (Rt 40) still exists today

14. How have Jefferson’s previous economic policies as President affect the economy after the War of 1812?

15. The Protective Tariff of 1816 After the War of 1812 British manufacturers looked to drive Americans out of business Americans demanded to be protected by a tariff to drive out foreign competition In 1816 the Republicans passed a protective tariff

17. Telegraph 1837, Samuel F.B. Morse develops the electric telegraph machine Allowed electrical pulses to travel long distances along metal wires as signals Code of dots and dashes  Morse code

18. Cotton is King The South depends heavily on the production of raw cotton fiber Many southerners become rich from this business They also grow the following crops: Corn Sugar cane Tobacco

19. The Problem of Cotton Cotton production was slow in the early 1790’s This threatened the South’s economy The heart of a cotton plant is called a boll Raw cotton fiber had to be separated from the seeds by hand before it could be shipped This was a very slow process when done by hand

20. The Cotton Gin In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to speed up the production of cotton Slaves who worked a full day could only separate 2 pounds of cotton a day The cotton gin could separate 1000 pounds of cotton a day By 1860 the South was producing 2/3 rds of the worlds cotton

22. NORTH SOUTH

23. North Industry produced many more lower paying jobs Led to the creation of labor unions ◦ Group of workers who united to seek better pay and conditions Middle Class begins to emerge (lawyers, accountants, clerks, etc.)

24. South South was overly dependent on cotton Dependence on cotton hurt southern urbanization and development of a middle class By 1850, north had twice the amount of people south had Slavery was needed for success of south