1. Fairbanks PM 2.5 Source Apportionment Using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Model Tony Ward, Ph.D. The University of Montana Center for Environmental Health Sciences May 26, 2010

2. Goal of the Fairbanks CMB Project Complement the PM 2.5 source apportionment work already completed with additional analytical and modeling strategies. 1) Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) modeling. 2) 14 C. 3) Chemical markers of woodsmoke.

3. Fairbanks CMB Sampling Program Four sites, including: 1) State Office Building (Nov 2008 - March 2009). 2) Peger Road (1/25/09 – 4/7/09). 3) North Pole (1/25/09 – 4/7/09). 4) RAMS Mobile site (1/25/09 – 4/7/09). Met One Spiral Ambient Speciation Sampler (SASS) at each site. Sampling every 3 days. 24-hour (midnight to midnight).

4. 1)Teflon Filter* Mass Elements (36) 3) Quartz Filter* OC/EC 4) Quartz Filter 2) Nylon Filter* Ions (5) 14 C Univ Arizona Woodsmoke Markers Univ Montana PM 2.5 Speciation Analyses *Analyzed by Research Triangle Institute.

5. Results

6. State Building 11/8/08 – 4/7/09 State Building 1/25/09 – 4/7/09 North Pole 1/25/09 – 4/7/09 RAMS 1/25/09 – 4/7/09 Peger Road 1/25/09 – 4/7/09 24.417.216.17.816.8 Winter 2008/2009 Average PM 2.5 Mass Concentrations (μg/m 3 )

7. PM 2.5 Speciation Results Out of the 36 elements quantified, only 14 were consistently measured at or above their reported MDLs. Sulfur had the highest concentration of the measured elements, with the highest overall program levels measured at the State Building site. Sulfate had the highest concentration of any of the measured ions, while TC was heavily enriched with OC.

8. State Building CMB Results (November 11, 2008 – April 7, 2009)

9. North Pole CMB Results (January 25, 2009 – April 7, 2009)

10. RAMS CMB Results (January 25, 2009 – April 7, 2009)

11. Peger Road CMB Results (January 25, 2009 – April 7, 2009)

12. State Building 11/8/09–4/7/09 North Pole 1/25/09–4/7/09 RAMS 1/25/09–4/7/09 Peger Road 1/25/09–4/7/09 PM 2.5 Mass ± Std Deviation 25.3±15.318.9±14.38.2±2.116.8±10.3 Sample Days47212326 Ammonium Nitrate 2.1±0.7 8.1% 1.0±0.2 5.1% 0.9±0.1 10.5% 1.5±0.4 8.9% Sulfate 5.1±0.6 20.0% 1.9±0.2 9.8% 1.1±0.1 13.0% 2.8±0.3 16.7% Diesel Exhaust 0.3±0. 1 1.1% 0.2±0.05 0.8% N.D. 1.2±0.5 7.3% Automobile Exhaust 1.7±0.7 6.8% 0.7±0.3 3.7% N.D. 0.7±0.2 3.9% Woodsmoke 16.0±2.3 63.1% 15.0±2.0 79.8% 6.3±0.8 76.0% 10.6±1.6 62.7% Unexplained 0.2 0.8% 0.2 0.8% 0.04 0.5% 0.08 0.5%

13. 14 C – State Building Date PM 2.5 Mass (μg/m 3 ) % PM 2.5 Resulting from Woodsmoke % Woodsmoke PM 2.5 Identified by CMB Model 12/14/08 39.059.6-71.870.8 12/17/08 34.949.8-60.062.8 12/23/08 47.543.6-52.582.3 12/29/08 66.045.3-54.563.9 1/7/09 63.742.2-50.862.0 1/25/09 26.753.2-64.169.3 2/9/09 12.342.5-51.172.0 2/15/09 29.641.7-50.347.3

14. Summary Woodsmoke (likely residential wood combustion) was the major source of PM 2.5 throughout the winter months in Fairbanks, contributing 60% - 80% of the measured PM 2.5. 14 C results showed that an average of 45- 55% the measured ambient PM 2.5 came from a woodsmoke source.

15. Summary Secondary sulfate: 10-20% of PM 2.5 mass Ammonium nitrate: 5-10% of PM 2.5 mass One assumption of the CMB model is that compositions of source emissions are constant over the period of ambient and source sampling, and that chemical species do not react with each other.

16. Next Steps CMB modeling (as well as 14 C and levoglucosan analyses) for the winter of 2009/2010. Use ammonium sulfate in the model as a secondary source. Find more representative profiles for coal burning and residential fuel oil combustion.

17. Thank you. Questions?