1. AuthorAID Workshop on Research Writing Nicaragua November 2008

2. The Methods Section Barbara Gastel, MD, MPH Texas A&M University bgastel@cvm.tamu.edu

3. Overview Identification of main information source for these lectures Advice on preparing the Methods section Introduction to the small-group sessions (advice on providing feedback on drafts)

4. Main Source of Information for These Lectures How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 6th edition, by Robert A. Day and Barbara Gastel (Cómo escribir y publicar trabajos científicos, 4ta. edición )

5. Main Information Source

6. The Methods Section

7. Purposes of the Methods Section To allow others to replicate what you did –In order to test it –In order to do further research To allow others to evaluate what you did –To determine whether the conclusions seem valid –To determine whether the findings seem applicable to other situations of interest

8. Methods: Basic Information to Include In most cases, overview of study design Identification of (if applicable) –Equipment, organisms, reagents, etc used (and sources thereof) –Approval of human or animal research by an appropriate committee –Statistical methods

9. Methods: Amount of Detail to Use For well-known methods: name of method, citation of reference For methods previously described but not well known: brief description of method, citation of reference For methods that you yourself devise: relatively detailed description

10. Methods: The Words and More Should be written in past tense In some journals, may include subheads (which can be helpful to readers) May include tables and figures—for example: –Flowcharts –Diagrams of apparatus –Tables of experimental conditions

11. Methods: A Suggestion Look at the Methods sections of some papers in your target journal. Use them as models.

12. Providing Feedback on Drafts: A United States Perspective

13. Providing Feedback on Drafts Find out what level of feedback is being sought—for example: –Comments on overall content and organization? –Suggestions for improving the wording (to make it clearer, more concise, etc)? –Correction of errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc? Remember to identify strengths. Don’t only focus on weaknesses.

14. Providing Feedback (continued) Consider serving a criticism sandwich: praise, criticism, praise. Express criticisms as perceptions, not facts. Criticize the work, not the person. Other

15. Thank you!