1. EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION Chapter 13 Section 1

2. Motives and Means O What were the THREE main reasons Europeans were interested in exploring new lands? p. 408

3. Reasons for Exploration 1. “ GOD ” Europeans wanted to spread Christianity to the people they encountered in the new lands. 2. “ GLORY ” Many Europeans had a desire for adventure and competition. 3. “ GOLD ” Explorers had hopes of expanding trade and finding great wealth through their travels.

4. God Glory Gold

5. Portugal O Prince Henry the Navigator explored the southern coast of West Africa and found gold. The area becomes known as the Gold Coast.

6. PORTUGAL cont. O Vasco de Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and went to India. What did he get there and was the trip worthwhile? p. 409

7. Vasco de Gama O Vasco de Gama returns to Portugal with spices and makes profits over 1000%. O Many voyages followed. O Moluccas become known as the Spice Islands.

8. Christopher Columbus O Queen Isabella of Spain agrees to send Columbus to find a westward route to Asia. O He lands on the island of Hispaniola. O In his four voyages he is certain that he has found Asia and refers to the islands in the Caribbean as the “ Indies. ”

9. Columbus

10. Treaty of Tordesillas O In 1494, Spanish and Portuguese agree to draw an imaginary line north and south to determine which country can explore where. O Spain was given the Western half(the Americas) O Portugal the Eastern half (Africa). The boundary is known as the Line of Demarcation.

11. Other Explorers O John Cabot explored for the English. O He explored the New England coastline.

13. Other Explorers O Amerigo Vespucci sailed for both Spain and Portugal. O On his many voyages he explored the South American Coast. O The lands that he explored were later named after him, America.

14. A Spanish Empire O A colony is an area settled by immigrants who are ruled by the parent country O Spain was the first country to colonize America O Important Spanish Explorers O Juan Ponce de Leon O Searched for the fountain of youth O Explored and named Florida in 1513

16. Spanish Empire O Vasco Nunez de Balboa O Arrived at the Isthmus of Panama O An isthmus is a thin body of land O He led a group through the wilderness and found the Pacific ocean on the other side in 1513

19. Spanish Empire O Ferdinand Magellan O In 1519 he began a journey around the world O After 99 days his starving crew reached Guam O Magellan was later killed by natives in the Philippines O His crew finished the journey around the world and were the first to circumnavigate the globe O It took 3 years

22. Spanish Empire O Why explore the Americas? O The 3 “Gs” O God O Glory O Gold

23. Spanish Empire O The Spanish wanted to conquer new territories O Their explorations were led by men known as conquistadors O Hernando Cortes was sent to conquer the Aztecs of Mexico in 1519 O He wanted to conquer Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital which had 150,000-300,000 people

25. Spanish Empire O Cortez gathered 600 men and prepared for an invasion O Other Natives in Mexico hated the Aztec, they had conquered their land and sacrificed their people O Cortez gathered thousands on his side O By 1521 Tenochtitlan was destroyed

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27. Spanish Empire O Francisco Pizarro set out to conquer the Incan Empire in present day Peru O Pizarro also gained control with the help of other natives O Both Cortes and Pizarro were aided by smallpox and measles epidemics

29. Spanish Empire O By the 1550s the Spanish controlled Mexico, Central America, South America, and islands in the Caribbean O They did not drive Natives out of their land they forced them to work O They used the encomienda system which forced natives to farm, ranch, or mine O The population became mixed and the descendents of are called mestizos

32. Spanish Empire O The Spanish found gold and silver and shipped it back to Europe O They established missions to convert Natives to Christianity

33. Spanish Empire cont. O Hispaniola Population 1500: 250,000 1538: 500 Native Americans O Mexican Population 1519: 25 Million 1630: 1 Million

34. Economic Impact O Columbian Exchange was the exchange of animals and plants between Europe and the New World. O Goods were exchanged between Europe and the New World? (sugar, cotton, livestock are brought to the Americas/potatoes, cocoa, corn and tobacco are brought to Europe)

36. Competition in the Americas O The Dutch arrived in the Americas during the 1600 ’ s and settled the area on the Hudson River, naming it New Netherlands. O English eventually seize the colony and rename it New York. O Meanwhile the English also settle the Virginia and Massachusetts Bay Colonies.

39. Slave Trade

40. Slavery O Slaves were originally used as domestic servants O Large plantations began forming in the Americas O Brazil was one of the first areas with slavery

42. Slavery O Sugarcane plantations were growing in Brazil O African slaves were shipped to Brazil and the Caribbean to work on plantations

43. Triangle Trade 1. Manufactured goods to Africa from Europe 2. Slaves to the America (middle passage) 3. Raw materials to Europe

44. Manufactured Goods Slaves Raw Materials

45. The Middle Passage O Slaves were cramped and chained in slave ships O They were fed just enough to live and given exercise every few days O Many Africans dies on the journey

49. Slave Trade O In the early slave trade most slaves were prisoners of war sold at slave markets O Europeans would trade gold, guns, and other goods for slaves O Many local African rulers saw it as a chance to profit O They captured slaves from Africa’s interior and sold them to the Europeans

50. Slave Trade O As slavery grew in the Americas from the 1600-1700s millions were removed from Africa O African populations were destroyed O The slave trade to the Americas would not be stopped until 1802

51. Southeast Asia and the Spice Trade

52. Spices O Europeans wanted Asian spices O The most desired areas was Moluccas in modern day Indonesia O The Dutch controlled most of the trade in the Pacific O They drove the Portuguese and English out of the spice trade

54. Mainland States O Europeans had less control of the mainland states O These areas were led by dictators who had more control over their territory O Religion however began to change in the mainland as Islam and Christianity began to take hold