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3. 3 Outline of presentation  International time comparisons  Uncertainties  Upcoming techniques  Glonass and Galileo  Time scales for satellite navigation systems  Leap second  ICG Recommendation

4. 48th CGSIC - Timing Subcommittee4 Methods now in use uA/ns uB/ns GPS C/A-code SCH 3.05.0 GPS C/A-code MCH 1.55.0 GPS P3 (geod. receiv.) 0.75.0 TWSTFT 0.51.0 ___________ *IGS precise orbits and iono maps applied for GPS

5. 48th CGSIC - Timing Subcommittee5 Mod.  y (  ) 1 hour1 day 1 year Loran- C GPS CV 1CH GPS + GLONASS CV MCH Stabilized temperature GLONASS P-code 1 CH TWSTFT Carrier phase GPS HM CS

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10. 10 BIPM differential calibrations of GPS/GLONASS C/A-code and P-code time equipment Uncertainty for GPS C/A-code 3 ns (1 σ)  In 2004/2006 six campaigns were carried out  2004: OP, PTB, NPL,VSL  2005: OP, NTSC, HKO, TL, SG, AUS, KRIS, NMIJ, NICT  2005: OP, TCC, ONBA, IGMA, CNMP  2006: OP, CNM, NIST, USNO, NRC  2006: BIPM, OP, PTB, AOS, USNO, NRL, CSIR (ongoing)  2006: OP, AOS, GUM, LT, TP, BEV, OMH, NIMB, NMC, ZMDM  In total 20 laboratories out of the 50 that contributes to TAI have been calibrated, and additional 10 will be this autumn.

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15. 48th CGSIC - Timing Subcommittee15 UTC – UTC(i)

16. 48th CGSIC - Timing Subcommittee16 New Developments  Melting pot / all-in-view with IGS time  Use of Glonass P-code  Use of SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, …)  New generations of TWSTFT  Improvements in use of geodetic receivers  GPS carrier-phase  Use of geodetic techniques (PPP)  Real-time (challenge for Galileo and in future for BIPM)

17. 48th CGSIC - Timing Subcommittee17 TIME SCALES FOR SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS  Change in the definition of international time scales  UTC  TAI  Leap second  Relation between satellite time scales  GPS time  Glonass time  Galileo system time

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24. 48th CGSIC - Timing Subcommittee24 Louis Essen : “…… In 1960s there was a suggestion that astronomical time should be used for sea navigation and domestic purposes, and atomic time for air navigation and scientific work. My experiences with time signals and standard frequency transmissions convinced me that this would cause endless confusion as well as involving duplication of equipment and I argued strongly that a method of combining all the information in one set of transmission must be found…..”

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