1. Chemistry AI Chapter 9 A. Valence electrons Those electrons on the outer most energy level; they give the element its chemical and physical properties The charge of an ion B. Oxidation state 1. Metals located to the left of the stairs "short stacks" are known as transition metals metals tend to lose electrons because the electrons are loosely held. The metal then becomes positive.

2. located to the right of the stairs Nonmetals tend to gain electrons and become negatively charged. 2. Nonmetals C. Naming ions 1. Monatomic Ions (Table 9.1) Consist of a single atom with a positive (loss of an e-) or negative (gain of an e-) charge

3. Positively charged ions-metals (Charge matches the number of valence electrons for representative elements) The name of a cation consists of the metal name followed by the word ion or cation Ex. Na+ sodium ion or sodium cation Al3+ aluminum ion aluminum cation a. Cations

4. b. Anions Negatively charged ion- nonmetals (Charge = valence electrons - 8) The name of an anion starts with the stem of the element name and ends in “-ide” Ex. O 2- oxide S 2- sulfide P 3- phosphide Many form more than one cation with different charges (all positive though) Ex. Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ with two or three electrons lost respectively c. Transition metals (Table 9.2)

5. The name of these cations includes the name of the metal followed by a roman numeral to indicate the CHARGE of the metal Ex. Fe 2+ iron(II) Fe 3+ iron(III) c. Transition metals (Table 9.2)

6. d. Polyatomic ions Groups of atoms that are tightly bound, behave as a unit, and are charged. Ex. Sulfate anion contains 1 sulfur atom and 4 oxygen atoms and has an overall charge of 2-.

7. a. Formula to Name 1. Name the metal 2. a. Name the nonmetal with the stem of the element name and ends with "- ide" b. If the nonmetal is a polyatomic ion, just name it (no changes) 3. If the metal is a transition metal (or Sn, Pb), then use Roman numerals in parenthesis to indicate the CHARGE of the metal Ex. Fe 2+ iron(II) Fe 3+ iron(III) D. Naming Ionic Compounds Composed of two elements (metal and a nonmetal)

8. Sn and Pb behave like transition metals and have more than one cation Sn 2+ tin(II) Sn 4+ tin(IV) Some transition metals only have one charge and may not include the Roman numeral Ag 1+ Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ b. Name to FormulaSymbol Charge Charge Cross

9. E. Naming and Formulas for Molecular Compounds 1. Binary Molecular Compounds Composed of two elements (two nonmetals), may combine in more than one way Ex. CO, CO 2

10. a.Formula to Name 1.Use prefixes to indicate the number of each kind of atom. 2. Mono is omitted when referring to the first element ONLY. The second element ALWAYS has a prefix. Ex. SO 2 sulfur dioxide 3. The second element ends in “ide” 4. If the element begins with a vowel, drop the vowel of the prefix except di- and tri-. Ex. CO carbon monoxide NOT carbon monooxide

11. b. Formula to Name F. Names of Acids and Bases 1. Acids Write the formula for each element and use the prefixes to indicate the subscripts for each element HCl hydrochloric acid HNO 3 nitric acid HC 2 H 3 O 2 acetic acid H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid H 3 PO 4 phosphoric acid H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid

12. 2. BasesNH 3 ammonia NaOHsodium hydroxide LiOHlithium hydroxide KOHpotassium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 magnesium hydroxide