1. ENG 11 Honors

2.  Often called “local color”  Focuses on characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features specific to a certain region (e.g. the South)  Coincided with Realism and shares many of the same traits  Prominent from 1865-1895  NOTE: Regionalism is still present today

3.  Dual influence of Romanticism and Realism  The Civil War and the building of a national identity  An outgrowth of realism with more focus on a particular setting and its influence over characters

4.  Use of dialect to establish credibility and authenticity of regional characters  Use of detailed description, especially of small, seemingly insignificant details central to an understanding of the region  Frequent use of a frame story in which the narrator hears some tale of the region

5.  Nathaniel Hawthorne—New England  Kate Chopin—South  Willa Cather—Midwest  Mark Twain—West

11. Realism and Naturalism

12.  A faithful representation of reality in literature, also known as “verisimilitude”  Emphasis on development of believable characters  Written in natural vernacular, or dialect  Prominent from 1860-1890

13.  The Civil War  The urbanization and industrialization of America  As a reaction to Romanticism  Increasing rates of democracy and literacy  The emerging middle class  Upheaval and social change in the latter half of the 19th century

14.  Mark Twain  William Dean Howells  John Steinbeck  Stephen Crane  Upton Sinclair  Jack London  Edith Wharton

15.  Applied scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to the study of human beings  Influenced by Darwinism (natural selection) and psychology (Freud)  Suggested that men were governed by heredity and environment  Often depicts man in conflict with nature, society, or himself  Prominent from 1880-1920(ish)

16.  The swell of immigrants in the latter half of the 19th century  Led to a larger lower class and increased poverty in the cities  The prominence of psychology and the theories of Sigmund Freud  Pessimism in the wake of the Civil War and Reconstruction  Publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species

17.  Stephen Crane  Ambrose Bierce  Jack London  Edwin Arlington Robinson  Katherine Anne Porter  Charlotte Perkins Gilman  Edith Wharton