4. King Charles I executed, but England still a monarchy Charles’ eldest son also named Charles, would be Charles II Puritans want a republic with an elected government Rump Parliament abolishes the monarchy and the House of Lords, makes England a republic ( aka Commonwealth) Many English aren’t represented by the Rump Parliament and are unhappy with its decision Most MPs left (Royalists) or were kicked out (Presbyterians) Puritan Rump Parliament supported by military Army would attack any non supporters of the Commonwealth: Ireland and Scotland

5. Scottish Presbyterians supported King Charles I in the English Civil War Scots crown Charles’ eldest son as King Charles II of Scotland which angers the Puritans. Cromwell leads New Model Army in attack against Scots 1650 -1651 – Cromwell beats the Scottish army in the Battle of Dunbar and the Battle of Worcester During the Commonwealth, Scotland was ruled from England, and was kept under military occupation

6. Irish Catholics had sided with the Royalists during the Civil War and rebelled against the Irish Protestants Cromwell hadn’t forgotten, invaded Ireland in 1649 seeking revenge Invaded city of Drogheda and massacred all soldiers Catholic landowners in Northern Ireland kicked out, land given to English and Scottish Protestants Northern Ireland still part of Great Britain, still conflict

8. Cromwell became frustrated with the Rump Parliament Rump members refused to hold an election unless they could guarantee their seats. 1653: Cromwell and his soldiers kicked the Rump MPs out of Parliament. Became Lord Protector – essentially a military dictator.

9. Broke country into districts Ruled by major generals Each responsible for law & order, taxes Brought in Blue Laws Outlawed ‘pagan’ ceremonies (Christmas) No dancing, gambling, sports, theatre, newspapers He was unpopular but too strong to be resisted (had army)

10. Cromwell considered himself a failure Had helped get rid of dictator-like Charles I but become a dictator himself Both he and Charles I ended up ruling England without the consent of an elected Parliament 1658: Oliver Cromwell dies, son Richard becomes Lord Protector Richard had not earned his position, army would not follow him Eventually resigned.