2. Plant Physiology Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy

3. Objective 3.01 Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.

4. Plant Sciences Biology-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes –Zoology-the part of biology that deals with animals –Botany the part of biology that deals with plants

5. Plant Sciences Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown –Agronomy –Forestry –Horticulture

6. Agronomy The science and practice of growing field crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans.

7. Forestry The science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting trees for building materials and other products.

8. Horticulture The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants

9. Life Cycles of Plants Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years

10. Leaf Retention Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year-round

11. Plant Hormones Several types of hormones are used to help plants work more efficiently. –Inhibitors –cytokinins –gibberellias –auxins

12. Inhibitors Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed germination and stem elongation.

13. Cytokinins Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.

14. Gibberellias Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

15. Auxins Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement

16. Moisture in Plants Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture

17. Plant Growth Dormant –A plant rest or grows very little –Response to an adverse condition

18. Season Crop Type Cool Season –Plants relish cool weather –Pansies grow best in spring or fall Warm Season –Grow best in summer and early fall Zinnia Marigold Vinca Poinsettia

19. Objective 3.02 Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.

20. Leaves-External Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf Midrib-the large center vein Veins-the structural framework of the leaf Margin-the edge of the leaf

21. Leaves-External

22. Leaves-Internal Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration Guard Cells-open and close stomates

23. Leaves-Internal Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll –gives leaves their green color –necessary for photosynthesis

24. Leaves-Internal

26. Leave-Functions Photosynthesis –process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food Respiration –converts sugars and starches into energy Transpiration –release of water vapor from the leaves of plants –It also cools the plant

27. Sessile describes leaves without a petiole –Example zinnia Bracts are modified leaves –Example poinsettia Needles and scales are modified leaves –Example pine tree Leave-Additions

28. Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel –Example southern magnolia Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel –Example African violet

29. Stems-External Lenticels-breathing pores Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have been located Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem

30. Stems-Internal Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots

31. Stems-Internal Phloem Xylem

32. Stems-Internal Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells Bark-old inactive phloem Heartwood-old inactive xylem Sapwood-new active xylem

33. Stems-Internal Cambium Heartwood Sapwood Bark

34. Stems-Internal Monocota-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle –examples: corn, grasses Dicata-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium –example: trees

35. Stems-Internal MonocotDicot

36. Roots-External Root cap-indicates growth of new cells Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root images from a rice plant

37. Roots-Internal Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

38. Layers of Roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots –are easier to transplant Tap-long root with few branched ones –more difficult to transplant

39. Flowers Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Stamen-male part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower

40. Flowers

41. Parts of the Stamen Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

42. Parts of the Pistil Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

43. Parts of the Pistil Stigma Style Ovary

44. Complete-vs-Incomplete Complete flowers have both male and female parts Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

45. Fertilization is when pollen travels down the style, joining the sperm and the ovule. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of one flower to a flower on another plant.

46. Self-pollination is the transfer of the pollen to the stigma of a flower on the same plant. Corolla is all auxiliary parts of the flower not including reproductive organs. The collective term for all petals of a flower.

47. Calyx is the external usually green or leafy part of a flower. It is also the collective term for all sepals of a flower. Receptacle is the enlarged tip of a stem on which a flower is born.

48. The fruit serves as protection for the seeds. The function of the fruit is to help with seed dispersal.

49. What are the functions of these plant parts?

50. Functions of Leaves Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen

51. Functions of Stems Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds

52. Functions of Roots Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem Anchor the plant and hold it upright Store food for plant use Asexual reproduction in some plants

53. Functions of Flowers Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.) Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds

54. Objective 3.03 Discuss floriculture and landscape plants

55. Taxonomy The science of classifying and identifying plants Scientific names are used because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world.

56. Karl von Linne Swedish botanist that developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and species. Linne changed his name to the Latin name Carolus Linneaus.

57. Scientific Names Latin is the language used for scientific classification. The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety or cultivar.

58. Genus vs. Species Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics. Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.

59. Scientific Classification The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom-- either plant or animal. The broadest category in the plant kingdom is division or phylum.

60. Divisions The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are: –Thallophites –Bryophytes –Pteriophytes –Spermatophytes

61. Spermatophytes Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants Two subdivisions are: –Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

62. Common Plant Genus Pinus-Pine Acer-Maple Ilex-Holly Ficus-fig Cornus-dogwood Rhododendron- rhododendron Quercus-oak