1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Characteristics of Plants Eukaryotes Autotrophs (producers) Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose 2 nd most complex kingdom –May have evolved from algae

3. Vascular tissue A series of vessels (xylem and phloem) that extend from roots to leaves Phloem cells move carbohydrates and other nutrients Xylem cells move water and dissolved minerals

4. Classification of Plants Bryophytes –Mosses, liverworts –Reproduce by spores –Nonvascular –Require standing water for reproduction

5. Bryophyte life cycle Gametophyte dominates the life cycle Male plant produces sperm that swim to the female plant Requires free water for fertilization Sporophyte grows from the female plant

6. Classification of Plants Seedless vascular plants –Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails Require free water for fertilization Reproduce with spores

7. Fern life cycle The diploid sporophyte dominates the fern life cycle Sori produced on the sporophyte contain spores Gametophyte germinates and produces antheridia and archegonia Sperm from the antheridia swim to eggs in the archegonia

8. Modifications to live on land In order to move away from water, plants must produce seeds in protected structures Gymnosperms are cone bearing plants Separate male and female cones

9. Flowering plants Most plants are angiosperms Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant –Some have separate male and female plants –Some have male and female flowers on the same plant –Most have flowers with male and female parts

10. Flowering plants The male part is the stamen –anther –filament The female part is the carpel (or pistal) –Stigma –Style –Ovary

11. Life Cycle of Angiosperms

12. Flowering plants The ovary of the flower ripens and becomes a fruit

13. Fruits have different forms Their purpose is seed dispersal: Edible fruit, parachutes, stickers, and floating fruit are just a few of the strategies

14. Angiosperm classification Divided into two groups: –Monocots –Dicots Named for number of seed leaves Other differences include –Organization of vascular tissue –Flower parts –Germination of seed

15. Cross section of a monocot leaf showing parallel veins (vascular tissue)

16. Cross section of a dicot leaf showing mid vein. A. xylem B. phloem C. upper epidermis D. lower epidermis

17. Properties of Water Polarity of water causes it to be attracted to other polar molecules. –Cohesion - Attraction to other water molecules. –Responsible for surface tension. –Reason why water is a liquid at Earth’s temperatures Ex: As transpiration occurs from leaf surface, water is pulled up the xylem from the roots.

18. Properties of Water Polarity of water causes it to be attracted to other polar molecules. –Adhesion - Attraction to other substance. –Capillary action also helps water move up the xylem More narrow tube, the greater the electrostatic forces between water and the wall of the tube

19. Leaf structure Different cells have different functions. The cuticle and epidermis protect.

20. Leaf structure Different cells have different functions. The cuticle and epidermis protect. Palisade cells photosynthesize.

21. Leaf structure Different cells have different functions. The cuticle and epidermis protect. Palisade cells photosynthesize. Spongy cells contain air spaces.

22. Leaf structure Guard cells open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss.