1. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS and THE END OF WORLD WAR II AUGUST – SEPTEMBER, 1945

2. QUIZ, pp. 749-53 The scientist in charge of the Manhattan Project was named __?__ The scientist in charge of the Manhattan Project was named __?__ The first successful detonation of an atomic weapon was held in what U.S. state? The first successful detonation of an atomic weapon was held in what U.S. state? Who was U.S. President when the first successful detonation took place? Who was U.S. President when the first successful detonation took place? The two atomic bombs were nicknamed __?__ and __?__. The two atomic bombs were nicknamed __?__ and __?__. The airplane that dropped the first atomic bomb was nicknamed __?__. The airplane that dropped the first atomic bomb was nicknamed __?__. What two Japanese cities were attacked with atomic bombs? What two Japanese cities were attacked with atomic bombs? Which one was attacked first? Which one was attacked first? The 1945 Yalta Conference laid the foundation for an international peace-keeping organization called the __?__ The 1945 Yalta Conference laid the foundation for an international peace-keeping organization called the __?__ Nazi war criminals were prosecuted in the __?__ trials. Nazi war criminals were prosecuted in the __?__ trials. What nations occupied Germany after WWII? What nations occupied Germany after WWII?

3. The End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why? U.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualties Desperate measures: “Kamikaze” (Define) campaign “No surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense training U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?

4. The Atomic Bomb When? When? 1942 -1945 1942 -1945 Where? Where? Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos, New Mexico Codename: The Manhattan Project Codename: The Manhattan Project Who? Who? Gen. Leslie Groves Gen. Leslie Groves J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Success Success

5. THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

6. TRINITY TEST SITE TOWER

7. TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

8. DETONATION SEQUENCE

9. 10 SEC. AFTER DETONATION

10. DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE

12. To Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb? Prevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quickly Why Not? Is it ethical? Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects? What do YOU think?

13. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS When? When? August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 9, 1945: Nagasaki August 9, 1945: Nagasaki Effect? Describe: Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders World War II Ends World War II Ends

14. TIBBETS & SWEENY

15. Major Major Charles Sweeny, U.S. Army A.F., Lead Pilot, Nagasaki Mission

16. NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS “BOCKS CAR”

17. AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBING

18. AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBING

19. NAGASAKI NAGASAKI BOMBING BOMBING AUGUST 9 th, AUGUST 9 th, 1945 1945

20. “LITTLE BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

21. “FAT MAN” ATOMIC BOMB

22. TYPES OF ATOM BOMBS Hiroshima Hiroshima “Gun” Bomb “Gun” Bomb Nagasaki Nagasaki “Implosion” Bomb “Implosion” Bomb

23. ATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

24. HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBING

25. HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA “SHADOW” “SHADOW”

26. NAGASAKI AFTERMATH

29. JAPANESE URBAN TARGETS

30. NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

31. NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIES DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800

32. ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIES

33. BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPAN

36. Final Results: The War in The Pacific, 1931-45 Final Results: The War in The Pacific, 1931-45 ALLIES WIN; JAPAN SURRENDERS UNCONDITIONALLY ALLIES WIN; JAPAN SURRENDERS UNCONDITIONALLY Japan occupied by U.S. Military Japan occupied by U.S. Military Gen. Douglas MacArthur commands occupation forces Gen. Douglas MacArthur commands occupation forces Casualties: Casualties: Allies: KILLED Allies: KILLED Military: 4 Million Military: 4 Million Civilian: 25 Million Civilian: 25 Million Axis (Japan): KILLED Axis (Japan): KILLED Military: 2 Million Military: 2 Million Civilian: 960,000 Civilian: 960,000

37. Other Results: The Pacific War Japan forced to adopt democratic-style gov’t. Japan forced to adopt democratic-style gov’t. China plunged into Civil War: China plunged into Civil War: Communists v. Nationalists (Mao Zedong v Chiang) Communists v. Nationalists (Mao Zedong v Chiang) Korea divided: Korea divided: North Korea (Communist) North Korea (Communist) South Korea (Pro-Western) South Korea (Pro-Western) Europeans begin losing colonies: Asian independence movements gain strength: Europeans begin losing colonies: Asian independence movements gain strength: Example: French Indochina - Vietnam Example: French Indochina - Vietnam