2. 英语句子概论 名词性从句

3. 英语句子的种类 简单句 (simple sentence) 并列句 (compound sentence) 复合句 (complex sentence)

4. 简单句的五种基本句型 The weather is very cold. 主语 + 谓语（连系动词） + 表语 He laughed. 主语 + 谓语（ vi. ） I like Chinese food. 主语 + 谓语 (vt.)+ 宾语 She taught them physics. 主语 + 谓语 (vt.)+ 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 We must keep the room warm. 主语 + 谓语 (vt.) + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

5. 并列句 把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。 I turned on the TV. My sister and I watched it.  I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it. I bought my sister a present. She didn’t like it.  I bought my sister a present,but she didn’t like it. 并列句 常用并列连词 :  平行并列连词 :  转折并列连词：  因果并列连词 :  选择并列连词 : and, both…and, not only… but also, neither…nor but, however, while, yet, or,either…or for, so

6. 复合句 : 主句 + 从句 ■ 名词性从句 ■ 定语从句 ■ 状语从句 ■ 主语从句 ■ 表语从句 ■ 宾语从句 ■ 同位语从句

7. Noun Clause

8. 名词性从句在功能上相当于名词, 在复合句 中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。 主语 { His job is important. What he does is important. 表语 This is his job. This is what he does every day. {

9. 宾语 I don ’ t like his job. I don ’ t like what he does every day. 同位语 I don ’ t know about the man, Mr. White. I don ’ t know about the fact that he is a teacher.

10. Practice time ： 指出下列各名词性从句的种类。 1. At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. 2. She wondered if the buses would still be running. 3. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far. 4. She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat. 5. When we will start is not clear. 6. I had no idea that you were her friend. 宾语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 主语从句 同位语从句

11. Object Clauses 宾语从句

12. 1. I know him. 2. I know who he is. 主语谓语宾语 （简单句） 主语谓语 宾 语 从 句宾 语 从 句 连词从句主语 从句谓语 主 句 （复合句） 句子做宾语就是宾语从句，跟在及物动词或介词后 句子结构： 主句 + 连词（引导词） + 宾语从句。

13. 宾语从句的注意事项 引导词 句子类型 that 陈述句 一般疑问句 if/whether ( 是否 ) 特殊疑问词 特殊疑问句

14. 一、连词（引导词） 1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和 否定句），连词由 that 引导，因为 that 在从 句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思， 因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。  Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.  She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.  Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.

15. 宾语从句中的连接词 that 在以下三种情况下 不能省略： （ 1 ）当 that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时， 第二个 that 不能省； （ 2 ）当 that 从句作介词宾语时， that 不可省掉。 （ 3 ）用 it 做形式宾语的宾语从句。 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.

16. 在主句为动词 be 加某些形容词（如 sorry, sure, afraid, glad 等）作表语时，后面所跟 的省略 that 的从句也可算是宾语从句。  I’m sorry (that) I don’t know.  We’re sure (that) our team will win.  I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam.

17. 2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词 whether 或 if 引导， “ 是否 ” ，不能省略。  Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag.  Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city.  She asked me if /whether she could borrow these books.

18. 1).whether 和 if 都可以引导宾语从句 a. 当有 or not 时就用 whether, 不用 if. I don’t know whether or not I will stay. b. 介词后面的宾语从句不能用 if. I worry about whether I hurt her feeling. c. whether 也可与动词不定式连用但 if 不能。 I have not decided whether to go or not. d ） whether 常与 or 连用表示一种选择， if 不能这样用 The question of whether they are male or female is not important. 注意 whether 和 if 的使用区别 :

19. Practice time if / whether 1. I asked her ____________ she had a bike. 2. We ’ re worried about _________ he is safe. 3. I don ’ t know _________ he is well or not. 4. I don ’ t know ________ or not he is well. 5. I don ’ t know __________ I should go. if / whether whether whether/if _______ to go. whether

20. 3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由疑问词 （ what, who, whom, which, whose when, where, how, why 等）引导，因为疑问词在 从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的 意义，所以不可以省略。  Do you know what he said just now ?  I don’t remember when we arrived.  I asked him where I could get so much money.  Please tell me who \whom we have to see.  Do you know what time the plane leaves ?

21. 1. I don’t know ______ is your brother. Is the man in dark glasses? 2. I don’t know _______ of the boys is your brother. 3. I don’t know _______ good they will do. 4. I’m worried about _______ he will soon get well. 5. I want to know _________she has gone shopping. 6. We wondered _________ that was a spy or not. who which what whether whether/if whether

22.  They have decided _____ they will leave for New York. That is next Sunday.  We don’t know _______ they didn’t finish the job in time.  Mother was pleased ______ her daughter had passed the college exams.  Madam Curie discovered ______ she called radium.  Would you mind telling me _______language your friend speaks?  Would you mind telling me _______language your friend speaks, English or French? when why that what which

23. 二、时态 1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ， 现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根 据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过 去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）。  I know he lives here.  I know he lived here ten years ago.  I have heard that he will come tomorrow.

24. 2. 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过 去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应 的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进 行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）  I knew who lived here.  I saw she was talking with her mother.  He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow.  He said that he had seen it.

25. 3. 当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。  The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun. around the sun.

26. 三、语序 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 连接词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分。 I don’t know what is the matter \the trouble\wrong with him.

27. 1. When will he go to the library? His brother asks when he will go to the library. His brother asks when will he go to the library. 2. What does he want to buy ? I don’t know what he wants to buy. I don’t know what does he want to buy.  

28. 四. 宾语从句的否定转移 当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定前 移至主句表示。 I don’t think you are right. I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, ____________? I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, ___________? We suppose you have finished the project, ___________? is he? won't she/he? haven't you?

29. 当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般 与主句保持一致。 1.Your sister supposes she needs no help, _________? 2.You thought they could have completed the project, ___________? 3.They don't believe she's an engineer,___________? 4.She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, __________? doesn't she didn't you do they does she

30. 1. The young man asked _____ it's summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether 2. We don't know ______ they did it. A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us ____ Jim can come back on time. A. that B. if C. when D. what time 4. Does anybody know ______ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not. A. if B. where C. whether D. that D A B C

31. 5. Could you show me ________ ? A. how can I get to the station B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I can reach the station 6. Please tell me _______. A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like 7. My sister told him ________. A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting D. where did you live C B D

32. 8. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _______. A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 9. Could you tell me how long __________ ? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China 10. He says that if it _______ tomorrow, he _______ fishing. A. will rain, won't go B. rained, wasn't go C. rains, won't go D. rain, will go B C D

33. Predicative Clauses 表语从句

34. 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后, 一般结构是 “ 主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 ” 。 可以接表语从句的系动词有 be, look, remain, seem

35. 连接词： that / whether /as if /as though （ if 不引导表语从句 ) who / whom / whose / which / what when / where / why / how / because The question is whether we can rely on him. That’s because we were in need of money at that time. He looked as if he was going to cry. That’s why I was late.

36. 注 意： 1. 在表语从句中，表 “ 是否 ” 时，只能用 “whether” 不 能用 “if” 。 2. 一般情况下， “that” 不能省。 3. It is /was because …. It is /was why…. 3. The reason (why…/for…)is /was that…. 4 The reason is because /why… that ….

37. 1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do. A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3.That is ___ they separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer ___ she was four years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. when

38. Subject Clauses 主语从句

39. 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分。 1) That he will succeed is certain. 2) Whether he will go there is not known. 3) What he said is not true. 4) Where he hid the money is to be found out. 5) Whoever comes is welcome. 6) It’s certain that he will succeed. 7) How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 8) When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet.

40. 一. 由 that 引导 that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子. that 不可省。 1. That we shall be late is certain. 2. ________________________ is known to all. ( 地球是圆的 ) 3. ________________________ is a pity. ( 你错过了这次机会 ) That the earth is round That you missed the chance 二 whether “if” 不能引导主语从句 三. 疑问词 引导词

41. 注意一 : 主语从句后置 ! 为了避免主语冗长, 句子头重脚轻, 经常用 it 作形式主语, 主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. That we shall be late is certain. -- It’s certain that we shall be late. 1. That the earth is round is known to all. -- 2. That you missed the chance is a pity. -- 由连词 whether, 连接代词 what, who, which 和 连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导, 也常常后置 : It is a pity that you missed the chance. It’s known to all that the earth is round.

42. It 的用法： （形式主语） It’ possible/important/necessary/clear… that … … 很可能 / 重要的是 …/ 必要的是 …/ 很清楚 … It’s said/ reported… that.. 据说 / 据报道 … It’s been announced/declared that.. 已经通知 / 宣布 … It seems/appears/happens.. that… 显然、明显、碰巧.. It’s no wonder that… 并不奇怪 / 无疑 … It’s a pity/a fact /a common knowledge ( 众所周知 / a common saying…. （俗话说）

43.  注意二  注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数  What 引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定  What he needs __ that book.  What he needs __ some books. is are

44. what 引导名词性从句时在从句中充当 句子成分, 如主语, 宾语, 表语, 而 that 则 不然, 它在句子中只起连接作用。例如： (1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle. 注意三： What 与 that 引导主语从句

45. 1.___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A If B Whether C That D Where 3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country____the First World. a.Which; belong to b. As, belonged to c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to

46. 4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy. A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 6.What I say and think ___ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have

47. 同 位语从句 1. 跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。 常用名词有 belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion 等。 Suggestion, suggest order demand wish 等 2. 常用连词： that; when, where, why, how e.g. 1. 消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。 2. 问题是他如何做这件事的。 Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army. It’s the question how he did it.

48. 注意： 1. 同位语从句多用 that 引导，无意义不可省。 2. 在 have no idea 之后常用 wh- 引导同位语从句。 I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.

49. 1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot. 2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night. _______ ________________________________________ ______ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot. _________ ______________________________________________ ______ We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.

50. 4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea. 5.Chinese students should be given more free time./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school. 3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view. _______ _____________________________________________ Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldn’t spend too much time online. ________ ____________________ There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible. ____________ __________________________________________ The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.

51. 比较： 1.We expressed the hope that they had expected. 我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。 2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. 我们希望他们再来中国访问。 定语从句 同位语从句

52. 区别 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从 句： 1. 引导同 位语的连词 that 在句中不作任何句 子成分，而在定语从句中， that 充当的可 以是从句的主语或宾语等。 2. 同 位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说 明，而定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰， 解释为 “…. 的 ” 3. 连词 that 在同 位语从句中不可省略, 而在定 语从句中当它充当宾语时可以省略。

53. Practice : 判断下列各句是同位语 从句还是定语从句  1. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.  2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.  3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all.  4. I can't stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly. 同位语从句 定语从句 同位语从句

54. 1. ____made the school proud was ____more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities. A What / because B What / that C That / what D That / because 2.___she couldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A What / why B That / what C What / because D Why / that B A B 3. He is absent from school. It is __ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason

55. 4 ___has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever 5. Information has been put forward __ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A that B how C where D what D A

56. 6 --- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. --- Is that ___you had a few days off ? A why B when C what D where 7 ---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game ? --- Oh,that’s ___. A what makes me feel excited B whatever I feel excited about C how I feel about it D when I feel excited A A

57. 9.__ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A What B That C This D Which 10. When you answer questions in a job interview,please remember the golden rule : Always give the monkey exactly __ he wants. A what B which C when D that 11. We made the suggestion that he ___ his work. A continues B continue C continued D had continued B A B

58. 12.There will be a special price for ____ buys things in large number here. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. Whomever 13. Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game. A.why B. what C. who D. that (05) 14.The poor young man is ready to accept __ help he can get. (05) A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever

59. 14.Many newspaper printed the governor’s statement _____ would support a tax cut. A.and he B. was that he C which he D that he 15._____ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun. A.Which B. How C. What D. That 16.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. A. However B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

60. 1. Can you make sure ___ the gold rings? A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put 2.The reason that has been such a success ___ he never gives up. A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what 3. ______ breaks the law should be punished. A Whoever B. No matter who C. Anyone D. Who

61. 4. That is ___ I had to take the risk of being washed away. A. why B. reason why C. how D. what 5. Do ___ you think is right ___ difficulties you may have. A. what ;however B. that ;whatever C. whatever ; whoever D. what; whatever 6.The workers considered it important ___ the boss would agree to give them a rise. A. whether B. how C. where D. which

62. 7. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 8. Difficulty lies ___ we have no money. A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that 10. I don’t think the question ___ they are old or young is important. A. which B. whether C. how D. why

63. 13. The news ____ Lincoln was murdered filled the American people’s hearts with deep sorrow. A. which B. when C. that D. how 14. ____ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter 15. I don’t trust his promise ___ he will buy me a new car. A. which B. what C. when D. that

64. 16. She received the message ___ he would come by plane. A. that B. which C. what D. when 17. Energy is ___ makes things work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that 18.Our city has changed a lot,and now it is quite different from __ a few years ago. A. what it used to be B. that it used to be C.which it used to be D. what was it

65. 19. We all know the truth ___ there are air,water and sunlight,there are living things. A. wherever B. where C. that D. that wherever 20.The true value of life is not in ___, but____. A. how you get ;that you give B.which you get;what you give C.what you get ;what you give D. what do you get ;what do you give 21.___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It

66. 22.Could you tell me _________________? A Where is the part ? B Who’s on duty ? C Whose book is this ? D What are theydoing? 23.One of the men held the view___ the book said was right. A.what that B. that what C. that which D. which that 24.Last Sunday he made a promise ____ he was free he would take me to Qingdao. A. if B. that C. that if D. whether

67. 25.The question came up at the meeting___ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 26.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ___. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 27.---What is the opinion of your mother about your father’s smoking? ---Her advice is that he___. A. wouldn’t smoke B. not smoke C. should not smoking D. didn’t smoke

68. 28. Engines are to machines ___ hearts are to animals. A.as B. that C. what D. which 29. ___ the flight to Beijing will be delayed is ___ I’m especially worried about. A. Whether, what B. Whether, that C. When, what D. How,that 30.It’s not ___ I won’t do it, ___ I don’t do it. A.what, but that B. why, that C. what, but because D. that, but that