1. Slide 2.1 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 1.Identify the problem and formulate hypothetical cause-and-effect relations among variables 2. Design the experiment 3. Conduct the experiment 4. Evaluate the hypothesis by examining the data from the study 5. Communicate the results Stages in experimentation

2. Slide 2.2 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 The Barnum effect Source: Furnham, A., The Barnum effect I: Personnel managers’ reactions to their ‘personality analysis’. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 1994, 2, 1–4. Copyright 1994, reprinted with permission from Elsevier.

3. Slide 2.3 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 The Barnum effect (continued) Source: Furnham, A., The Barnum effect I: Personnel managers’ reactions to their ‘personality analysis’. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 1994, 2, 1–4. Copyright 1994, reprinted with permission from Elsevier.

4. Slide 2.4 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 The problem of confounding variables

5. Slide 2.5 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Suggested procedure for qualitative analysis Source: Adapted from M. Billig, Rhetorical and discursive analysis. In N. Hayes (ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press, 1997. © 1997. Reprinted by permission of Psychology Press Limited, Hove, UK.

6. Slide 2.6 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 Scatterplots of variables showing different levels of correlation

7. Slide 2.7 Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2 nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006 1. Consent 2. Deception 3. Debriefing 4. Withdrawal 5. Confidentiality 6. Protection of participants Ethical considerations for research with human participants