1. ANS DISTRIBUTION VISUAL

2. SYMPATHETIC DETAIL

3. UNIT 17: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - BLOOD

4. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  Consists of 3 interrelated components: The heart & blood vessels &, blood Constitutes ~ 8% of the body mass: 5-6 litres in the male, 4-5 litres in the female

5. BLOOD Plasma Cells & cell fragments +  Composed of:  A connective tissue  3 Main functions: 1. Transportation 2. Regulation 3. Protection

6.  PLASMA Water & solutes 55% of blood CCELLS & CELL FRAGMENTS  The cells are formed in the red bone marrow By hemopoiesis: 1. In utero: yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus & lymph nodes 2. Postnatal?

7. ERYTHROCYTES In the young adult male ~ 5.4 X 10 6 cells/µl Contain hemoglobin Strong, flexible plasma membrane Some membrane glycolipids are antigens Cannot reproduce nor carryout elaborate metabolic activities Lifespan of ~120days Nonucleated biconcave discs

8. LEUKOCYTES Nucleated, do not contain hemoglobin 2 types: GranularAgranular Chemical-filled cytoplasmic granules e.g. Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils No conspicuous cytoplasmic granules e.g. Monocytes & lymphocytes 5 types in total  Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Most abundant Least abundant 5,000 – 10,000/mm 3

9. Granular Leukocytes  Neutrophils Pale liliac-colored granules Multilobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear) leukocytes  Eosinophils Red-orange - stained granules Bi-lobed nucleus Blue-purple stained granules Bi-lobed nucleus  Basophils

10. Agranular Leukocytes Dark-staining nucleus Cytoplasmic rim  Lymphocyte  Monocyte Horseshoe-shaped nucleus Transforms into macrophages in tissues Fine, lysosome-containing cytoplasmic granules

11. THROMBOCYTES  Platelets Fragments of large cells - megakaryocytes Participate in hemostasis by: 1. Forming platelet plugs that stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels 2. Release chemicals that promote blood coagulation Life span: 5 to 9 days Aged & dead platelets are removed by macrophages in the spleen & liver