1. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Explain how American Indians may have come to North America. Describe the process by which different American Indian groups and cultures developed. Describe the major culture areas prior to the arrival of Europeans in North America. Objectives

2. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Terms and People ice age − period in Earth’s history with low global temperatures and glaciers covering large areas migrate − to travel Mayas − ancient people of Mexico who lived along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast

3. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Terms and People (continued) Aztecs − ancient people of Mexico who lived in the central highlands adobe − sun-dried brick made from earth, water, and straw Iroquois League − loose confederation made up of five Iroquois peoples: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas

4. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1

5. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 W Who is this?

6. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 How did the spread of civilization begin in the Americas? The earliest inhabitants of the Americas found a land rich in resources and varied in geographic features. As they settled across the land, they adapted to local environments and developed distinct ways of life.

7. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Paleo-Indians were the first humans to live in the Americas. Scholars believe the Paleo-Indians came from Siberia, a region in Asia. They disagree, however, about when and how the Paleo-Indians arrived.

8. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Migration to the Americas Land Bridge Theory Many scholars think that 15,000 years ago, during an ice age, hunters crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska in search of mammoths and other animals. Coastal Route Theory Today, some scholars think that 40,000 years ago, hunters and gatherers arrived in small boats, eventually working their way down the west coasts of the Americas.

9. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Paleo-Indians eventually migrated throughout the Americas.

10. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 About 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, the climate warmed, melting the polar ice and raising the ocean level. The warming climate and the skill of hunters killed off the mammoths and other large animals. Paleo-Indians adapted by turning their attention to fishing, gathering of nuts and berries, and hunting smaller mammals.

11. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 In Mexico, some villages grew into great cities ruled by powerful chiefs. The expanded food supply led to population growth and permanent villages. About 3,500 years ago in central Mexico, Native Americans developed agriculture.

12. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 From Mexico, agriculture slowly spread northward into North America. In Mexico, the Mayas and the Aztecs built advanced civilizations. However, in some places, people continued hunting, gathering, and fishing.

13. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Mayan Temple

14. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Because of different environments, diverse cultures emerged in what would later become the United States. In different regions, Indian tribes: had different kinds of homes and clothes. ate different foods. developed different traditions, customs, and forms of art. spoke hundreds of different languages.

15. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The arid Southwest climate forced Native Americans to build dams and irrigation canals in order to grow crops. Some Native Americans in this region lived in adobe houses in farming villages, while others lived in pueblos and cliff dwellings.

16. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Pueblo homes

17. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Southwest Indians Navajo Pottery

18. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Northwest Coast Indians Tall trees and wild plants grow in the mild and very wet climate. The forests here supply wild game, such as moose, deer, and bear. Abundant salmon swam in the swift rivers. Hunters went out in dugout canoes, using harpoons to hunt whales. Abundant forests provided the wood tribes such as the Kwakiutl and Haida used to carve elaborate totem poles.

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21. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 NW Coast plank houses

22. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Northwest Coast Climate was cool and rainy. Tall trees, wild plants, game, and fish were abundant. Hunters went to sea to hunt whales. The Kwakiutl and the Haida were skilled woodworkers. The rich resources made them wealthy. California This region was located south of the Northwest Coast. Home to the Pomo, Hupa, and Yuro, among others These peoples lived in small communities of 50 to 300. There were over 100 languages spoken in the region. The people fished and hunted because food was available year- round. They did not have to farm. Regional Differences among Native Americans

23. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Far North Region also known as Arctic and Subarctic The peoples are the most recent migrants from Asia. These ancestors of modern Inuit came by boat about 1,500 years ago. Aleuts came earlier and settle on Aleutian Islands. Land and Vegetation Much of the land is tundra. Animals were abundant despite the lack of vegetation. The Inuit and Aleuts mainly hunted. On the coast, people hunted seals, seabirds, and whales Inland, they hunted caribou, beaver, and bear. Archaeological evidence of their sites is rare. Perhaps rising sea levels after the Ice Age covered the coastal settlements. Regional Differences among Native Americans

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25. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Great Basin and the Plateau These are two dryland regions located east of the mountain ranges of the Pacific coast. The Great Basin Native Americans such as the Ute and Shoshone were challenged by the weather and environment. There was little rain, few trees, no large rivers, and few wild game. They were hunter-gatherers: dug roots, gathered acorns and piñon nuts, and hunted rabbits. Their populations were small. The Plateau Located north of Great Basin –More rainfall than Great Basin –More forests than Great Basin –Crossed by rivers brimming with salmon and other fish Groups such as the Nez Perc é lived in villages along the rivers. Regional Differences among Native Americans

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27. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Mississippi River Valley Climate The region had a humid and temperate climate and generally fertile soil. Cultural Features The Native Americans in this region were influenced by the great cultures of Mexico. They built towns with central plazas, pyramids, and temples. They traveled by river to trade with other groups.

28. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Cahokia: Ancient Mississippian Culture

29. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Plains Indians Originally, the people of the Plains were settled in towns like other Mississippian cultures. Around 1500 they became nomadic cultures that followed the migration of the buffalo.

30. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Great Plains Climate The region was an immense, windy, arid grassland that is hotter in the south and colder in the north. Cultural Features Native Americans in this region lived in thatched houses, log lodges, or tepees. They farmed in small villages and hunted the plentiful bison. They traded and fought with western nomads.

31. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Plains Indians: Teepees

32. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Sioux Clothing and Art

33. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 The Buffalo

34. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Southeastern Indians The cultures of the Southeast emerged from the Mississippian culture, with towns built around a central square. The Cherokee was one of the largest groups – they were settled in more than 60 towns when Europeans arrived. The Choctaw were one of many groups in this region. They, like the Cherokee lived in thatched roof log cabins plastered in mud. In Florida, the Seminoles lived in similar housing.

35. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Southeastern Indians Choctaw Home

36. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Due to the mild winters, warm summers, fertile soil, and ample rainfall of the Southeast, most Native Americans in this region were farmers. But they also hunted in the forests and fished in the rivers and lakes of the region. Some, like the Powhatan of Virginia, lived in longhouses.

37. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Southeastern Indians Cherokee Home

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39. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Northeastern (Eastern Woodland) people developed into two major language groups: the Algonquians and the Iroquoians. The Algonquians lived in wigwams on the Atlantic seaboard, while the Iroquois lived in longhouses around Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Five Iroquois peoples united to form the Iroquois League, which promoted peace among the member nations.

40. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Wigwams: Delaware Indians

41. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Northeastern Indians Iroquois Longhouse

42. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Native American Cultures, ca. 1500

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44. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Native American Customs Family relations Most villages and nations organized into clans by kinship Kinship determined inheritance, status, and marriage eligibility Housing arrangements and social engagements depended on the position of women. Iroquois society was matrilineal. In Hopi culture, a man went to live with his wife’s family when he married, bringing seeds from his mother’s crops. Social and political structures Social organization varied greatly from group to group. Most clans or nations were headed by a chief. Villages were run by a council of elders.

45. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Native American Customs Land use They did not believe that land should be bought and sold. Some societies viewed land as a gift from the Great Spirit to be shared by the village or group for farming or hunting. Still, some groups warred over territory. Some Native American groups still fought over territory, but it was for the ability to occupy the territory and use its resources, not to own the land.

46. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Native American Customs Division of Labor Ancient hunter-gatherers: men and boys hunted and women and girls gathered plants, nuts, and berries Agricultural Revolution saw women take over planting and cultivating crops Southwest division of labor: women and men farmed; women cared for children, cooked, wove cloth, and made pottery and baskets; men were woodcarvers and probably metalworkers

47. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Native American Customs Religious beliefs Native Americans shared spiritual and religious ideas. –Belief that there was a spiritual connection to the natural world –In many belief systems, a tree stood at the center of the earth. –Animals were thought to be powerful spirits. Native Americans told many stories. –Some explained the creation of the world or the origin of their peoples. –Other stories were about spirits and crops, rivers or other aspects of nature.

48. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Trading Networks Hopewell trade network covered two- thirds of the United States. It could take years to bring items back to Ohio (long distances and travel difficulty). The Hopewell people obtained bear’s teeth, obsidian, cooper, mica, and shells through trade. Travel made by canoe and on foot Trading Networks Link Native American Societies Exchange of Ideas The trade networks carried ideas from place to place. Mississippians may have borrowed temple mounds and pyramids from Mesoamericans. Pueblo peoples’ religious ideas and ritual costumes came from Mexico. Reasons for trade Specialization began. Farmers could grow extra crops. Others could access needed minerals. People living near water traded shells or pearls. Artisans traded their creations. Native Americans usually traded by a barter system.

49. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Despite their cultural diversity, most Native American groups shared several cultural features: decentralized political power. spiritual beliefs and shamanism. little private ownership of property. equality among the various tribes and nations. division of labor along gender lines.

50. The Cold War BeginsThe American Indians Section 1 Section Review Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz