2. 1 Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter 1200 BCE – 500 CE Big Era Four (continued)

3. 2  In Afroeurasia, the invention of iron enabled farmers to clear and cultivate millions of acres never before used for farming.  Farming and pastoral nomadism replaced hunting and gathering in some regions. People moved into previously uninhabited areas.  Improved kinds of crops produced more food per acre.  Horses and camels began to be used more as work animals, making farms more productive.  People began to live closer in denser populations. This led to the build-up of natural immunities to local infectious diseases but left people vulnerable to epidemics caused by diseases new to the region. In Summary: Population Growth

4. 3  Over time, deforestation led to soil erosion, shortages of wood for fuel, and the extinction of some local animal and plant species.  When communities grew larger, more complex, and closer together, new political, social, and economic systems became necessary.  Collective learning increased, further fueling advances in technology.  Although the vast majority of people still inhabited rural farming villages, more people than ever before began living in large cities. In Summary: Population Growth

5. 4 RoutesAround 300 BCE to 300 CE, merchants, shippers, sea captains, and empire-builders extended and strengthened trade routes across Afroeurasia and the Americas. EmpiresEmpires required networks of military and political communication. These networks encouraged interaction of many kinds over long distances. WritingWith the appearance of alphabetic writing systems in Afroeurasia, people could communicate faster and easier than ever before. ReligionsThe appearance of world religions— Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity—stimulated cultural interchange across political and cultural boundaries. Expanding Networks

6. 5 In the Americas... The Tiwanakans in what is today Bolivia also began to build trade routes during Big Era Four. Llama caravans brought produce, wood, metals, and fish from outlying villages to the city of Tiwanaku. The Olmec of Mexico developed extensive trade networks that extended hundreds of miles from Olmec territory. They imported jade and other raw materials for their crafts. Their exports included pottery and sculpture. Expanding Networks: Routes

7. 6 The silk road, Persian royal road, Roman roads, and shipping routes combined to form extensive interregional networks of exchange in Afroeurasia. Expanding Networks: Routes A wide variety of goods flowed along these networks…

8. 7 Sea routes ran down the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, across the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, and through the Straits of Malacca to the South China Sea. Chinese Ship Roman Ship Indian Ship Expanding Networks: Routes These sea lanes often linked up with overland routes, facilitating travel, trade, and the exchange of ideas across Afroeurasia.

9. 8 Empires had formed in Afroeurasia as early as Big Era Three. Although many claimed vast territories, most did not survive for long. In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great amassed an empire that stretched from Greece to India. Upon his death, however, the empire fragmented. The later centuries of Big Era Four saw the rise of new empires that both dominated huge expanses of land and remained unified for a long time. The Largest of these were the Han and Roman empires. Expanding Networks: Empires

10. 9 Alphabetic writing systems appeared in the later second millennium BCE. These systems used a small number of symbols, or letters, to represent sounds.Alphabetic writing systems appeared in the later second millennium BCE. These systems used a small number of symbols, or letters, to represent sounds. Letters could be arranged in countless ways to form words.Letters could be arranged in countless ways to form words. The Phoenicians were among the first to devise an alphabet.The Phoenicians were among the first to devise an alphabet. Because they were sailors and merchants, the idea of alphabetic writing spread wherever the Phoenicians traveled.Because they were sailors and merchants, the idea of alphabetic writing spread wherever the Phoenicians traveled. During the first millennium BCE alphabetic writing spread from the Mediterranean region to India.During the first millennium BCE alphabetic writing spread from the Mediterranean region to India. Expanding Networks: Writing Cool!

11. 10 Buddhism Hinduism Christianity Judaism Expanding Networks: Religions What is a world religion? It’s a belief system that embraces people of differing languages and cultural traditions. Religions that spread during Big Era Four were:

12. 11 Expanded networks of exchange allowed people, goods, and ideas to move thousands of miles. The development of alphabetic writing systems speeded up the transfer of information. Also, people who met, shared ideas, and conducted business with one another helped spread new world religions across Afroeurasia. Expanding Networks of Exchange Population growth in Big Era Four was linked to the expansion of agriculture. Increases in population density and job specialization in farming communities led to the creation of more and larger cities. Population Growth

13. 12 Patterns of Interregional Unity 300 – 1500 C.E. Big Era Five

14. 13 Patterns of Interregional Unity Welcome to Big Era Five! Big Era Five lasted from 300 CE to 1500 CE. Big Era 2 300 CE – 1500 CE Big Era 3Big Era 5Big Era 4 1800 CE10,000 BCE1000 BCE Big Era 6 Big Era 2 300 CE – 1500 CE Big Era 3Big Era 5Big Era 4 1800 CE10,000 BCE1000 BCE

15. 14 During Big Era Five, many connections were established among regions. These formed interregional patterns of unity. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

16. 15 At the start of Big Era Five, numerous inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions were starting to spread from their regions of origin.

17. 16 … By the end of Big Era Five, many of these important ideas and useful things had spread all across Afroeurasia… …That spread of ideas and things is part of cultural exchange.

18. 17 Cultural exchange had many aspects. People shared ideas across regions. Population increased and people migrated. Trade networks expanded and cities grew. Huge empires brought many different groups of people together.

19. 18 World population grew from about 250 million to 460 million between 200 CE and 1500 CE. Population

20. 19 The population of the Americas was much smaller than the population of Afroeurasia. Population World Population American Population

21. 20 Population growth in Afroeurasia affected the environment. Population Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded.

22. 21 Human impact on the environment had serious effects! Wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working.Wood was insufficient for heat, construction, and metal-working. Soil eroded and degraded.Soil eroded and degraded. River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities.River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, and cities. Famines meant people didn’t get enough to eat.Famines meant people didn’t get enough to eat. Population

23. 22 People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. Vikings Bantu-Speaking People of Africa Mongols Turkic Groups People of Oceania Arabs Germanic Tribes Chinese Population

24. 23 Migrating groups moved into other groups’ territories, forcing them to go elsewhere.Migrating groups moved into other groups’ territories, forcing them to go elsewhere. Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their new homes.Migrating groups introduced new plants and animals into their new homes. Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts.Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts. Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts.Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts. Population Migrations encouraged more cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia.

25. 24 Empires Building states and empires involved cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia. During Big Era Five, many, many states and empires came… and went.

26. 25 New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires. Empires

27. 26 Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE

28. 27 Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara- Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE

29. 28 Mongol Empire Russia Sung China Koryo Kamakura Japan Delhi Sultanate Scandanavian Kingdoms Mali Zimbabwe Benin Oyo France Ethiopia Ayyubid Caliphate Almohad Caliphate Poland Rum H.R.E. Hungary England Portugal Spain States and Empires in 1237 CE States and Empires in 1237 CE Angkor

30. 29 Mali Oyo Benin Zimbabwe Zanj City-States Ethiopia Vijayanagara Siam Majapahit Ashikaga Japan Korea Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Granada PortugalCastile France Scotland England Union of Kalmar Holy Roman Empire Poland- Lithuania Hungary Ottoman Emp. Russian States Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Ming China Timurid Empire States and Empires in 1400 CE

31. 30 How did states and empires stimulate cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia? Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions.Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions. Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies.Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies. Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts.Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts. Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups.Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups. Empires

32. 31 Trade was also closely linked to cultural exchange. Trade Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.

33. 32 The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between them. Trade

34. 33 From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers. Trade Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

35. 34 Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas, and arts.Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas, and arts. Trade stimulated use of natural resources.Trade stimulated use of natural resources. Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger.Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger. Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade.Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade. Trade How did expanding trade networks bring about cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?

36. 35 During Big Era Five, universal religions spread across Afroeurasia. Universal religions are belief systems that anyone can join – they’re not limited to any one group. Ideas

37. 36 The spread of universal religions from 300-1500 CE Ideas Buddhism Hinduism Islam Christianity

38. 37 Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia? Monks spread Buddhism. Traders and Sufi orders spread Islam. Missionaries spread Christianity. Ideas

39. 38 Universal faiths gave members a sense of community beyond political, class, or ethnic identities.Universal faiths gave members a sense of community beyond political, class, or ethnic identities. Religious scholars gathered and recorded knowledge and founded institutions of learning.Religious scholars gathered and recorded knowledge and founded institutions of learning. The spread of religions stimulated production and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, and the sciences.The spread of religions stimulated production and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, and the sciences. How did the spread of religion encourage cultural exchange in Afroeurasia? Ideas

40. 39 What inventions, technologies, products, and ideas were exchanged across Afroeurasia? Ideas

41. 40 Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions of learning. Ideas Korean library European astronomer Sung scholar Muslim astronomer s

42. 41 Natural sciences developed in many places. Ideas Indian Chinese Muslim European

43. 42 Transport and communication technologies improved. Transport and communication technologies improved. Astrolabe Lateen sail North Arabian camel saddle Books & paper Stern- rudder Stirrup Mapmakin g Ideas

44. 43 Water & energy technologies were transferred across Afroeurasia. Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding. Ideas

45. 44 Ideas Crops also diffused across Afroeurasia. Travelers and migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to grow, eat, and sell these crops.

46. 45 Sorghum fattened up folks when this cereal crop spread from eastern Africa to China.Sorghum fattened up folks when this cereal crop spread from eastern Africa to China. Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song.Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song. Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean.Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean. Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China. Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into meals across the hemisphere.Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into meals across the hemisphere. Ideas

47. 46 The pace of innovation increased.The pace of innovation increased. Knowledge accumulated more quickly.Knowledge accumulated more quickly. Manufacturing and farming productivity increased.Manufacturing and farming productivity increased. People’s diets and health improved.People’s diets and health improved. Sea travel and transport webs became thicker.Sea travel and transport webs became thicker. How did transfers of technology and products change people’s lives in Afroeurasia? Ideas

48. 47 You might say that by 1500 CE the world was connected, right? If you had to put the changes in Big Era Five into one sentence, what would it be? But wait! You still haven’t said much about the Americas!

49. 48 Well…the Americas and Afroeurasia were not yet permanently linked together. …not until 1492... When Columbus set sail across the Atlantic... Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

50. 49 The Americas had fewer people than Afroeurasia, and the two land masses were geographically isolated from each other. Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and different in others. In any case, the Americas were also a region of active human interchange. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

51. 50 Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed.Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed. Trade routes connected regions.Trade routes connected regions. Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed.Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed. Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown.Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown. Inca Gold Corn & Potatoes Mayan Calendar Mississippian Mica Moche Ceramic Cultural development and exchange in the Americas: The Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires

52. 51 Aztec Empire Mayan States Inca Empire States and Empires in the Americas in 1500 CE Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

53. 52 It had to happen sooner or later! At the very end of Big Era Five, European mariners set out on trans- oceanic voyages to the Americas. Those voyages linked the Americas with Afroeurasia for the first time since the migrations of people over 13,000 years earlier!

54. 53 Is that why people from Afroeurasia discovered the Americas, and not the opposite? Stern- rudder Compass Lateen Sail Mapmaking Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia before 1500 CE made possible the technologies that in turn permitted transoceanic voyages.

55. 54 In Big Era Six, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas started moving around the entire globe. End of Big Era Five http://www.lvna.net/Activities/Fireworks/fireworks.html