1. The Multi-Pixel Photon Counter for the GLD Calorimeter Readout Jul-20 2006 LCWS@UBC Satoru Uozumi University of Tsukuba, Japan for the GLD Calorimeter group

2. Sampling calorimeter with Pb/W - scintillator sandwich structure with WLSF readout Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA) needs particle separation in the calorimeter Fine granularity with strip/tile scintillator Huge number of readout channels –~10M (ECAL) + 4M (HCAL) ! –10k for muon detector Used inside 3 Tesla solenoid Need new photon sensor which is compact and low-cost, but has enough performance. The GLD Calorimeter

3. ~ 1 mm 20~100  m Depletion region ~ 2  m ~ 8  m Substrate 1600 pixels 400 pixels substrate p + p-p- Guard ring n - Al conductor p+p+ n+n+ Si Resistor V bias The Multi-Pixel Photon Counter … named by Hamamatsu (Silicon Photomultiplier … general name) is a novel type semiconductor photon sensor

4. PMTMPPC Gain~10 6 10 5 ~10 6 Photon Detection Efficiency 0.1 ~ 0.20.1~ 0.4 Responsefast Photon countingYesGreat Bias voltage~ 1000 V30 ~ 70 V SizeSmallCompact B fieldSensitiveNo influence CostNot lowLow ($1~10?) Dynamic rangeGoodNot so good StabilityGoodUnknown, maybe good Noise (fake signal by thermions) QuietNoisy (order of MHz) The MPPC performance The MPPC looks feasible for the GLD Calorimeter readout!

5. Required performance for the GLD Calorimeter Gain: ~ Best to have 10 6, at least 10 5 Dynamic range: can measure ~1000 p.e. – satisfactory to measure EM shower maximum – need > 2500 pixels Photon Detection Efficiency ~ 30 % – to distinguish MIP signal Noise rate : ~ 1 MHz (threshold = 0.5 p.e., threshold =1.5 p.e is also acceptable) good uniformity, small cross-talk Timing Resolution ~ 1 nsec – Necessary for bunch ID, slow neutron separation Sensor area: 1.5 x 1.5 mm – suitable for 1.5 mm  fiber Should be stable against bias voltage / temperature / time

6. The MPPC performance looks feasible for the GLD calorimeter readout, but still not sufficient. Need study and improvement of the fundamental property to achieve our goal. Now we are measuring performance of 400 / 1600 pixel MPPC prototypes provided by Hamamatsu. Based on its results, we provide feedback to Hamamatsu to have improved sample. R&D Status @ GLD Calorimeter Evaluate performance of the MPPC prototypes Provide feedback to HPK Improved samples from HPK

7. Current Results of the Performance Study

8. C = 0.13 ± 0.01 pF V 0 = 67.60 ± 0.01 V C = 0.02 ± 0.01 pF V 0 = 67.40 ± 0.02 V Gain vs Bias Voltage 400 pixel x 21600 pixel 400 pixel with x63 amp Green LED MPPC –C … Pixel capacity –V 0 … Geiger-mode starting voltage Typically 5-12 x 10 5 (400 pixel), 1.5-3 x 10 5 (1600 pixel) Need precise control of V bias to have stable gain Pedestal 1 p.e signal

9. Count rate of noises above threshold (>0.5 / 1.5 photoelectrons) ● -20 ℃ ● -10 ℃ ● 0 ℃ ● 10 ℃ ● 20 ℃ threshold=0.5pethr=1.5pe 1 MHz 2 MHz Noise Rate (1600 pixel)

10. Laser Bench Test MPPC YAG Laser ( = 532  m) with microscope Pulse width ~ 2 nsec Laser spot size ~ 1  m Moving stage pos. resolution ~ 0.02  m Can perform precise pinpoint scan with the well-focused laser Laser Spot (before light reduction) 25  m 1600 pixel

11. Scan within a pixel - Detection Efficiency - Num. of >= 1 pix. fired events Num. of all events Geometrical acceptance within a pixel ~ 20 ％ Variation within an active region ~ 7-13% x-point (2  m pitch) One pixel ・ -71.0V ・ -70.0V ・ -69.5V 1600 pixel Preliminary V bias = 70 V

12. Shows inverted-U shape Variation ~ 2-3 % Scan within a pixel - Gain - y-point (1  m pitch) x-point (1  m pitch) 1600 pixel Preliminary Active area only

13. More Laser Results? Cross-talk All-pixel scan

14. Summary & Plans MPPC is a great device, and feasible for the GLD calorimeter readout. Extensive R&D is ongoing collaborating with the Hamamatsu Photonics. We still have lots of things to do in a short term: –Need more study of fundamental properties (Photon Detection Efficiency, Linearity, etc) –Stability, Robustness, B-field tolerance –Time resolution –Device-by-device variation Current target is a beam test of EM calorimeter module with the full MPPC readout (next talk).

15. Backups

16. PMT * MCP- PMT * HPD * APD * MPPC (SiPM) HV1kV 8kV+300V300V50V Gain10 6 10 5 10 2 10 6 Noize<10Hz ??Very Sensitive 1MHz B FiledNAOK Price/chan nel $25$60---$30$10 QE15%8% 70%10~20% R&DNomarginalnecessaryMarginalnecessary (*) Multi-pixels

17. Setup

18.  -ray test (in 2005) Scintilltor (10x40x2mm) Practical test with Scintillator & WLSF Compare performance with PMT Device # of p.e. detected # of photons from fiber MPPC (100 pix) 6.1±0.7 (pixels) 28±10 PMT5.8±0.5 (p.e.) 29±6 (1mm  MPPC performance is comparable with PMT for the practical use. Co 60  - ray MPPC or PMT Preliminary result