1. Washington and the Capital City Washington Becomes President April 30, 1789, in New York City. Electoral college unanimous vote Vice President John Adams Department of State Thomas Jefferson Department of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Strengthened the federal government

2. Liberty vs. Order in the 1790s Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton’s tariff and taxation plan for paying off the nation’s debt reminded many Americans of Britain’s treatment of the colonies. It taxed many goods… and whisky. At Hamilton’s suggestion, Congress created the Bank of the United States. Loose construction (interpretation of the Constitution) is believing the government could do anything that the Constitution did not say it could not do. Hamilton preferred a loose construction. Strict construction (interpretation of the Constitution) is believing that the government should not do anything—such as start a national bank—that the Constitution did not specifically say it could do. Jefferson resigned at the end of 1793. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson preferred a strict construction. In 1794, President Washington sent an army to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, a protest against the tax on whiskey. Political party --is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to control government policy and programs. Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans were the first political parties in the United States.

3. The Presidency of John Adams The XYZ Affair Jay’s Treaty- expanded trade between Britain and the United States The French were angry & began seizing American ships in French harbors. In response, Adams sent diplomats to France. French agents, identified only as X, Y, and Z, demanded a bribe before the Americans could see the French foreign minister. The Americans refused to pay and returned home. By 1798, France and the United States were firing on and seizing each other’s ships in an undeclared war. The Alien and Sedition Acts Taking advantage of the crisis, Federalists pushed the Alien and Sedition Acts through Congress. The Sedition Act of 1798 made it unlawful to criticize government officials unless all charges could be proven. The Federalists used this act to silence Republican opposition. To defy federal power, Virginia and Kentucky passed resolutions that made it possible for them to nullify any federal law they determined to be unconstitutional.

4. The Election of 1800 Growing tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans Jeffersonians accused Adams of being a monarchist. Federalists called Jefferson a godless man who would lead the nation into chaos. John Adams had angered many of his supporters while he was in office. Unable to quiet his critics, Adams failed to win reelection. Technically a tie happened between Jefferson/Burr… 12 th amendment has entered the game! Thomas Jefferson won the 1800 election, a clear leader of those who preferred local government to national government.

5. Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson won approval by reducing taxes and reducing the size of the federal government. Marbury v. Madison The Supreme Court declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional In doing so, the Court established the power of judicial review — the power of federal courts to review state laws and state court decisions to determine if they are in keeping with the federal Constitution. Louisiana Purchase -1803 bought the French Territory -It doubled the size of the US -Promoted westward expansion -Lewis & Clark Embargo Act of 1807 To punish Britain and France for harassing American trading ships, Congress passed the act, outlawing almost all trade with foreign countries. An embargo is a restriction on trade.

7. The War of 1812 In the early 1800s, the power of Native Americans was greatly reduced. Many Americans believed the British encouraged and armed the Native Americas in their resistance to American settlement of the West. In June 1812, President James Madison asked Congress to declare war against the British, and the War of 1812 began. War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814

8. Post war issues In 1816, Republican James Monroe was elected the fifth President during a time of growth and prosperity. In 1819, the nation experienced its first depression, or severe economic downturn. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state, while Maine became a free (nonslave) state, keeping the balance in the Senate between slave and free states. Before the compromise, there was 11 free and 10 slave states