1. The Little BIG HISTORY of Human Migration The Horn of Africa, 80,000 BC: Have you ever wondered what routes our ancestors took as they multiplied and settled the earth? Exactly where Native Americans migrated from to get to America? fascinating This 2002 documentary done by Discovery Channel traces the human exodus from Africa using Mitochondrial DNA and the story is fascinating.

2. Film “The Real Eve” The “Real Eve” uses the theory that the human race can be traced to a common ancestor. mitochondrial DNA – The mitochondrial DNA of one prehistoric woman, who lived in Africa, has passed down from generation to generation over a span of 150,000 years, supplying the "chemical energy" to all humankind. – Human mitochondrial DNA human genome – Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

3. Over a period of nearly 200,000 years, a number of tiny random mutations have accumulated on different human mtDNA molecules being passed down to females around the world. For each of us this represents between seven and fifteen mutations on our own personal record. Mutations are thus a cumulative record of our own maternal prehistory. Scientists use these mutations to reconstruct a genetic tree of mtDNA. Each new female line is thus defined by the old mutations as well as the new ones. As a result, by knowing all the different combinations of mutations in living females around the world, we can logically reconstruct a family tree right back to our first mother. Let’s watch the film!

4. Part 1 (15 minutes)

5. Part 2 (15 minutes)

6. Knowledge Check: What is the scientific explanation for the first exodus of humans out of Africa toward the Middle East?

7. Part 3 (7:00-11:00)

8. Part 4 (4:10-11:20)

9. Part 5 (11:15-15)

10. all they needed was the mutation rate to determine the age of the ancestor. For instance, if they took the mutation rate to be one in every 1,000 years and knew that there was a difference of 10 mutations between the mtDNA of people living today and the mtDNA of an ancestor who lived long ago, then they could infer that the ancestor lived 10,000 years ago.

11. L0 170,000 years African, Mitochondrial EVE L1 142,000 years African L2 92,000 years African L3 100,000 years African, out of Africa haplogroup. N 63,300 years Europe (100k, my estimate) M 64,800 years S W Asia into Asia, East Africa (100k, my estimate) A 32,300 years Asia R 61,000 years Near East HV 50,000 years Europe H 40,000 years Europe into the near East V 13,600 years Europe T J 50,000 years J 34,400 years Near East into Europe T 11,000 years Near East into Europe U 51,700 years Eurasia, now mostly in North Africa CZ 47,000 years Eurasia C 28,300 years Asia into America D 33,300 years Asia into America K 15,000 years Europe I 30,000 years Eurasia E ? South Asia and Pacific G ? East Asia Q 50,000 years South East Asia and Pacific Z ? Central Asia S ? Aborigines W ? Northern Eurasia, rare in S E Asia X 30,000 years Europe into America Y ? Asia

12. In order to find a common ancestor whose genetics have passed on, we need to look for things that are passed down from generation to generation with little or no alteration. Both genders pass along one thing that is unchanged during sexual reproduction. For women, this is the mitochondrial DNA, By tracing the subtle mutations to mitochondrial DNA that have accumulated over the millennia, we can figure out which groups are most closely related, and ultimately fix the existence of Mitochondrial Eve to a fairly specific time in the past, which is currently estimated at about 200,000 years ago She certainly wasn't the only woman alive at the time, merely the only one who can trace descent to everyone alive right now. All the other women alive at the same time as her either left no living descendants or are only related to some smaller subset of the people alive today. They are inherited only from the mother, which allows tracing of a direct genetic line. hey found, for example, that any two Bushmen in their study who spoke different languages were more different genetically than a European compared to an Asian. That was true even if the Bushmen lived within walking distance of each other.

13. The Little BIG HISTORY of Human Migration Humans have classified and defined groups of people based on the color of their skin. But we forget that there are basic genetic traits that we have inherited from our common ancestors. The truth is, there is no such thing as RACE.

14. Our laws, social policies, even our scientific discoveries have all been shaped using race to define other humans. The idea of race is often used to elevate one group to the disadvantage of other groups. But race is a “social construct.” There is NO gene for race.

15. Science of Race But there is a scientific explanation for race. natural selection depending on where humans lived – Through the process of natural selection, variations in skin color and other physical characteristics developed in the human family, depending on where humans lived. – For example, it could be that those with darker skin may have had an advantage over those with lighter skin in a particular environment, allowing them to survive better and reproduce more people with darker skin. DNA – Race is fluid—not a fixed identification. Skin color, hair color, and facial features are only a small marker in our own DNA. gene There is no gene for race!

16. Human Ancestry Made Easy