1. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter?

2. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? EU Marine Strategy Policies and Laws - MARPOL Annex V Everybody EU Marine Strategy

3. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) establishes a framework within which EU Member States shall take action to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) of their marine waters by 2020 EU Marine Strategy

4. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? GES is based on 11 qualitative descriptors as listed in Annex I of the MSFD. Descriptor 10 (D 10) concerns marine litter. EU Marine Strategy

5. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG ML) under the Working Group on GES TSG ML considers how GES and environmental targets could be defined with the aim of preventing further inputs of litter to, and reducing its total amount in, the marine environment.

6. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? TSG ML focuses on: specification of monitoring methods through the development of monitoring protocols for litter in the different marine EU Marine Strategy

7. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? TSG ML focuses on: Consideration is given to monitoring strategies in general and associated costs. Other priorities include the identification of sources of marine litter and a better understanding of the harm caused by marine litter.

8. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Criteria 10.1 Characteristics of litter in the marine and coastal environment (10.1.1) trends in the amount of litter washed ashore and/or deposited on coastlines, including analysis of its composition, spatial distribution and, where possible, source EU Marine Strategy Criteria

9. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Criteria 10.1 Characteristics of litter in the marine and coastal environment (10.1.2) trends in the amount of litter in the water column (including floating at the surface) and deposited on the sea-floor, including analysis of its composition, spatial distribution and, where possible, source EU Marine Strategy Criteria

10. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Criteria 10.1 Characteristics of litter in the marine and coastal environment (10.1.3) trends in the amount, distribution and, where possible, composition of microparticles (in particular microplastics) EU Marine Strategy Criteria

11. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Criteria 10.2 Impacts of litter on marine life (10.2.1) trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals (e.g. stomach analysis) EU Marine Strategy Criteria

12. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Criteria 10.2 Impacts of litter on marine life (10.2.1) trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals (e.g. stomach analysis) EU Marine Strategy Criteria

13. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 1) evaluation of the behaviour (floatability, density, effects of wind, biofouling, degradation rates) and factors affecting the fate of litter (weather, sea state, temperature-driven variations, slopes, canyons, bays, etc.) and the transport of litter; EU Marine Strategy - Priorities

14. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 2) use of comprehensive models to define source and destination regions of litter (especially accumulation areas, permanent gyres, deep sea zones), estimate residence times, consider the average drift times and tran boundary transport to and from MSFD regions/subregions; EU Marine Strategy - Priorities

15. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 4) identification of sources for direct inputs of microparticles of litter; 5) establishment of the environmental impacts of microliter, in particular in relation to the potential physical and chemical impacts on wildlife, resources and the food chain; EU Marine Strategy - Priorities

16. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 6) evaluation of biological impacts (on metabolism, physiology, survival, reproductive performance and ultimately on populations or communities); 7) evaluation of the risk of the introduction of invasive non-indigenous species; EU Marine Strategy

17. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 8) study of dose–response relationships in relation to the types and quantities of marine litter to enable science-based definitions of threshold levels for GES; 9) evaluation of direct costs of marine litter to the maritime industry, fishing industry, local authorities and governments and as impacts on ecosystems goods and services; EU Marine Strategy - Priorities

18. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 10) development of automated monitoring systems (ship-based cameras, microlitter quantification etc.) and impact indicators (aesthetic impact, effects on human health, and harm to the environment) EU Marine Strategy

19. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? “Marine Litter. Technical Recommendations for the Implementation of MSFD Requirements” 11) optimization of monitoring (standards/baselines, data management/quality assurance, extension of monitoring protocols to all MSFD regions/subregions) EU Marine Strategy - Priorities

20. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? EU Marine Strategy –Indicators and Impacts

21. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? MARPOL– Annex V Dumping of rubbish at sea from ships has been prohibited under the international shipping regulation MARPOL Annex V.11 since 1990 A reduction of ship-derived plastic debris should therefore be expected, even if global use of plastics continues to increase

22. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Actions International legislation to prevent ships from polluting the sea “International legislation to prevent ships from polluting the sea National law on compulsory use of fishing equipment with biodegradable parts enabling animals to escape National law on compulsory use of fishing equipment with biodegradable parts enabling animals to escape EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive EU Community Framework for cooperation in the field of accidental or deliberate Marine Pollution EU Community Framework for cooperation in the field of accidental or deliberate Marine Pollution Regional sea conventions Regional sea conventions National and Regional actions (ex. retrieval of nets) National and Regional actions (ex. retrieval of nets) Awareness of citizens Awareness of citizens Education Education

23. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Rabat, 8-13 september 2014 7. What can we do against marine litter? Toward recycling society Prevention Recycling Recovery Disposal Re-use Waste hierarchy Moving waste management up the hierarchy Order of priorities Best environmental outcome Life cycle thinking

24. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea 7. What can we do against marine litter? Challenges for the future Sustainable Packaging (guidelines for consumers, possible increase of recycling targets etc) Guidelines for the preparation, collection and recovery of agricultural plastic waste and ultimately provision of targets for the recycling and recovery of agricultural plastics Bioplastics and recycled plastic phased targets (taking into account design viability, environmental impacts and market feasibility) Research and innovation on the reduction of plastic waste (guidelines for best available techniques, strengthen eco- design etc) Rabat, 8-13 september 2014

25. COCONET SUMMER COURSE “GES & MPAs” Good Environmental Status and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean and Black Sea 7. What can we do against marine litter? Education, Back to long lasting items, Directives (GES), Rabat, 8-13 september 2014