1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART D 5 The Skeletal System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton  Composed of 126 bones  Limbs (appendages)  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6a

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6b

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle  Composed of two bones  Clavicle—collarbone  Scapula—shoulder blade  These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement-  Due to: 1)each should girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point- sternoclavicular joint  2) the loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the thorax as muscles act  3) the glenoid cavity is shallow, and the shoulder point is poorly reinforced by ligaments.  The drawback of this flexibility: Shoulder girdle is easily dislocated!

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.21a

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.21b

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.21c–d

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limbs  Humerus  Forms the arm  Single bone  At shallow end it fits into the glenoid cavity.

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.22a–b

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limbs  The forearm has two bones  Ulna  Medial bone in anatomical position  Radius  Lateral bone in anatomical position

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.22c

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limbs  The hand  Carpals—wrist  Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform  Metacarpals—palm  Phalanges—fingers  Divided into proximal, middle and distal portions

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.23

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones  Composed of three pairs of fused bones  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis  It protects several organs  Reproductive organs  Urinary bladder  Part of the large intestine

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Figure 5.24a

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone Figure 5.24b

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences of the Pelvis  The female inlet is larger and more circular  The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner  The female ilia flare more laterally  The female sacrum is shorter and less curved  The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger  The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.24c

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The thigh has one bone  Femur  The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25a–b

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The lower leg has two bones  Tibia  Shinbone  Larger and medially oriented  Fibula  Thin and sticklike

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25c

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The foot  Tarsals  Two largest tarsals  Calcaneus (heelbone)  Talus  Metatarsals—sole  Phalanges—toes

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limb Figure 5.26

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arches of the Foot  Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches  Two longitudinal  One transverse

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arches of the Foot Figure 5.27

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified  Functionally  Structurally

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Classification of Joints  Synarthroses  Immovable joints  Amphiarthroses  Slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses  Freely moveable joints

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Joints  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints  Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints  Freely moveable

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Joint Classes [Insert Table 5.3 here] Table 5.3

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints  Bones united by fibrous tissue  Example :  Sutures  Syndesmoses  Allows more movement than sutures  Example : Distal end of tibia and fibula

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints Figure 5.28a–b

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints  Bones connected by cartilage  Example :  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral joints

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints Figure 5.28c–e

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Figure 5.28f–h

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Features of Synovial Joints  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces  A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint  Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Synovial Joint Figure 5.29

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30a–c

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30d–f

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints  Bursitis—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis  Gouty arthritis  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood  Can usually be controlled with diet

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System  At birth, the skull bones are incomplete  Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called fontanels  Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ossification Centers in a 12-week-old Fetus Figure 5.32

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Fetus  Long bones are formed of hyaline cartilage  Flat bones begin as fibrous membranes  Flat and long bone models are converted to bone  Birth  Fontanels remain until around age 2

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Adolescence  Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends  Size of cranium in relationship to body  2 years old—skull is larger in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult  8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion  Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.33a

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.33b

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Curvatures of the spine  Primary curvatures are present at birth and are convex posteriorly  Secondary curvatures are associated with a child’s later development and are convex anteriorly  Abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis and lordosis) are often congenital

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.16

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Osteoporosis  Bone-thinning disease afflicting  50% of women over age 65  20% of men over age 70  Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture  Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager’s hump)  Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.34

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.35