2. Fricatives PlaceVoicelessVoiced Labiodental/f//v/ Interdental//////// Alveolar/s//z/ Palatal//////// Glottal/h/////

3. Area (cm 2 ) Length (cm) ////////

4. Fluid Flow Equation for Turbulence Re= V*h/  – Re: Reynolds number – V: flow velocity –  : kinematic coefficient of viscosity – h: characteristic dimension (size of constriction)

5. Source Characteristics Flat spectrum Similar across all places of articulation Frequency Amplitude

6. Source Characteristics Frequency Amplitude Time

7. Source Characteristics: Voiced Amplitude Frequency +

8. Filter Characteristics Area (cm 2 ) Length (cm) lipsglottis Anterior constriction Front Cavity* Back Cavity * Front cavity length Largely dictates resonant frequency

9. Fricatives: Alveolar front cavity length ~ 2.5 cm F1=34000/4*2.5 = 3400 Hz Intense energy at/above 3400 Hz

10. Source Filter Theory

11. Sibilants: Spectrum Envelope /  / (~2-3 KHz) /s/ (> 3.5-4 KHz) Amplitude Frequency

12. Spectrogram /////s/

13. /h/

14. /f/ Waveform and Spectrogram Amplitude Spectrum

15. /z//s/ Voicing

16. /z/ /s/

17. Affricate //// /t  / /t/

18. Rise-time: stops vs. affricates /t/ /t  /