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Jordi Isern Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC) MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges: Nanotechnology & Space (1) Historical perspective
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Topics for a dissertation (25 min + 5 min discussion) 1.- Space tourism (Yeniceli/Okay) 2.- Economical impact of GPS systems (Appold/del Pozo/Slivko) 3.- Emergent Space Powers 4.- The GMES program of the EU 5.- Microgravity 6.- Space transportation & launchers 7.- Space tether & elevators 8.- Space debris 9.- Trends of space markets 10.- Space resources
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The Fundamental Question: Pour quoi aller ailleurs si chez nous c’est mieux?
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# Science & Technology are changing our world # Scientific discovery & technology development have a growing potential power # We have developped the technology to survey & utilize the space around the Earth => We are living in a 3D society!
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# Benefits are huge: Global communication (telephone, television…) Global positioning systems (GPS, GALILEO… ) Efficient Earth exploration Improved science … # Drivers: Defence (USA-URSS military race…) Science Dreams
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The dreams Icarus “Domingo Gonzales” Francis Godwin Hereford’s Bishop
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Flash Gordon 1936 Just imagine 1930 Die Frau im Mond 1929 Captain Video TV series 1940-1956 The dreams
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When worlds collide 1951 Destnation Moon 1950
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The Earth gravitational field is extremely strong The acceleration of the gravity at the Earth surface is: 9.8 m/s 2 All the terrestrial phenomena are affected by the gravity:
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Why is so difficult to leave the Earth? We are leaving inside a gravitational well! The escape velocity is 11.6 km/s A huge amount of energy is necessary to escape from the Earth! ~ 72 MJ/kg or to lift a ship of 7000 tm 1 m from the ground
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Newton’s cannon ball
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Guns are not viable V ~ 2 km/s
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Rocket Action reaction principle
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Chinese Rockets
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Conrad Haas (1551)
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Siemenowicz multi-stage rocket, from his Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima Kazimierz Siemienowicz ( 1600 - c. 1651)16001651
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The pioneers Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky
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Liquid fuel oxidizer fuelBurning chamber nozzle
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The pioneers The first successful launch of a liquid rocket was in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard t = 2,5 s h = 12,5 m l = 56 m v = 96 km/h
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Hermann Oberth The pioneers
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The first satellite Korolev
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W. Von Braun (Saturn rocket) Apollo 11 launch
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Apollo 11
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Observation of the Sun by the ESA fleet
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Solar prominence (304 Å) at the upper cromosphere (60,000 K) (SOHO) The Earth-Sun System Spacecrafts such as help us SOHO help us determine when flares and coronal mass ejections might affect Earth and our orbiting satellites.
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Solar Dynamics Observatory (launched March 30th, 2010)
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Ulysses: The first trip out of the ecliptics
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Mercury
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Venus (Magellan probe) Venus
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Mars
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Jupiter
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Io: Galileo
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Saturn
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Titan
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Uranus
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Neptune
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Pluto
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The first interstellar Probes: Pioneer 2, Voyager 1, 2
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The Earth seen from 7.000 milion km Voyager 1 6/6/1990
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The ISEE 3 trip Comet Halley’s nucleus Giotto (ESA)
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International Space Station 2004
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XMM-Newton Dec 1999 0.1 - 15 keV Grazing incidence mirrors ( 922 cm 2 @ 1 keV) Spatial resolution 6” E/dE =20-50 @ 1- 6 keV
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Cas A observed with Chandra
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Hubble Space Telescope
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