1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 5 The Skeletal System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures  Fracture—break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Repair of Bone Fractures  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 1 Hematoma Hematoma formation

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 2 Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 3 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5, step 4 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body  Divided into three parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull  Two sets of bones  Cranium  Facial bones  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Lateral View Figure 5.7

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Frontal Bone-forms forehead, eyebrows, top of eye orbit  Parietal Bones-superior and lateral walls of cranium  Sagittal suture-where parietal bones meet at midline of skull  Coronal suture-parietal and frontal bones meet  Squamous sutures-join parietal and temporal bones

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Temporal bones-inferior to parietal bones  External acoustic meatus-leads to eardrum and middle ear  Styloid process-neck muscles attach  Zygomatic process-part of cheek  Mastoid process-neck muscles attach  Jugular foramen-allows passage of the jugular vein  Internal acoustic meatus-cranial nerves VII and VIII  Carotid canal-allows passage of carotid artery, supplies blood to brain

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Occipital Bone-most posterior bone of the cranium, forms floor and and back wall of skull  Lambdoid suture-joins occipital bone and parietal bones  Foramen magnum-large hole where spinal cord connects to brain  Sphenoid Bone-floor of cranial cavity  Sella turica-enclosure for pituitary gland  Foramen Ovale-cranial nerve V passes thru to muscles of lower jaw

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranium  Ethmoid Bone-forms roof of nasal cavity  Crista galli-outermost covering of the brain attaches here  Cribiform plates-allow nerve fibers from the olfactory receptors to reach the brain  Superior and middle nasal conchae-form lateral walls of nasal cavity

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Anterior View Figure 5.11

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Bones  Maxilla-fuse to form upper jaw  Palatine process-forms anterior part of the hard palate in mouth  Palatine Bones-posterior of hard palate  Zygomatic bones-cheekbone  Lacrimal bones-passage way for tears  Nasal bones-form bridge of nose  Vomer bone-bony part of septum (middle of nose)  Mandible-largest and strongest bone in face, only freely moving joint

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Functions of paranasal sinuses  Lighten the skull  Give resonance and amplification to voice

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10a

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10b

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone  Serves as a moveable base for the tongue  Aids in swallowing and speech

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hyoid Bone Figure 5.12