1. West Africa Chapter 20 7 th Grade Social Studies (0:55)

2. CHAPTER 20 Section 1:Physical Geography Section 2:History and Culture Section 3:The Sahel Countries Section 4: The Coastal Countries West Africa

3. Vocabulary (Sec. 1)  Zonal – bands or areas of climate  Harmattan – dry dusty wind that blows south from the Sahara  Tsetse fly – a dangerous insect that carries sleeping sickness

4. Vocabulary (Sec. 2)  Archaeology – the study of the remains and ruins of past cultures  Oral history – spoken info passed on from person to person over generations

5. Vocabulary (Sec 3)  Millett and Sorghum – grain crops that can survive drought  Malaria – a disease spread by mosquitoes (major cause of death among children)  Staple – main food crop

6. Vocabulary (Sec 4)  Secede – break away from one country to form a new one  Griots – storytellers who pass on the oral histories of their tribes  Cacao – trees that have seeds which cocoa and chocolate are made from

8. Comparing Specialty Maps Population Physical

9. Section 1: Physical Geography

10. Vegetation Population

11. Main Ideas (Sec 1)  The drought in West Africa has caused crops to fail and vegetation to die.  Americans established the West African country of Liberia and some freed African American slaves settled there.  Products such as peanuts, coffee, and chocolate are exported from the region to the U.S.

12. Main Ideas (cont.)  The resources found in West Africa include diamonds, gold, iron ore, manganese, bauxite, and oil.  West Africa’s most important river is the Niger River. The inland delta has creeks, swamps, and lakes. The true delta is half of Nigeria’s coastline on the Gulf of Guinea.

13. Main Ideas (cont.)  West Africa has a fascinating history. International relations are eased when we know the history of other regions.  Many Americans are descended from Africans from this region.

14. Niger River  Starts in low mountains 150 miles from Atlantic Ocean  Flows westward and southward  Empties into Gulf of Guinea  Sustains life in West Africa

15. First Climate Zone  Sahara  Northern parts of the region  Largest desert in world  Large areas with few or no people

16. Second Climate Zone  Sahel  South of the Sahara  Dry grasslands  Rainfall varies year to year  Harmattan – wind storms  Severe droughts

17. Third Climate Zone  Savanna  Farther south  Good soil thick grass scattered trees  More regular rains  Tsetse fly–sleeping sickness sickness

18. Fourth Climate Zone  Coast and Forest  Along the Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea coasts  Largest cities here  Wet, humid tropical climate  Plentiful rains  Tropical rain forests

19. Resources  Diamonds  Gold  Iron ore  Manganese  Bauxite – main source of aluminum  Nigeria – oil is 95% of its exports

20. SECTION 1 Physical Geography CLIMATE ZONEDESCRIPTION largest desert dry grasslands with steppe climate good soil, thick grass, scattered trees wet humid tropical climate, rain forests Zones of West Africa Sahara Sahel savanna coast and forest

21. Section 2: History and Culture Mosque in Mali Mosque in Mali

22. Ancient Kingdoms of Mali  Ghana, Mali, Songhey Songhey  Trading centers - Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné  Mansa Musa - a muslim king who built mosques throughout Mali  Ancient Mali Ancient Mali Ancient Mali  Go to Google Earth

23. African Slave Trade (3:57)

24. Slave Trade

25. Main Ideas (Sec 2) European contact had a negative affect because many West Africans died and millions were forced from their homes as a result of the slave trade. European contact had a negative affect because many West Africans died and millions were forced from their homes as a result of the slave trade. Islam and Christianity are practiced in the southern region of the Sahel. Islam and Christianity are practiced in the southern region of the Sahel.

26. TIMBUKTU TIME CHART  Nomadic Tuareg tribesmen founded Timbuktu.  1100 A.D.The Mali Empire conquers Timbuktu from the Tuaregs.  1290 A.D.Timbuktu becomes a center of trade along the Niger River.  1300 A.D.Timbuktu becomes a center for merchants and scholars. Mansa Musa

27. Timeline (cont.)  1350-1450 A.D.Trade with Europe centers on gold.  1375 A.D.Tuareg's re-take Timbuktu from the Malis.  1433 A.D.The Songhai Empire conquers Timbuktu.  1550 A.D.Moroccan army destroys Timbuktu

28. Merchants brought Islam to WestAfrica

29. Animism  What is Animism?  Animism in Mali Animism in Mali Animism in Mali

30. SECTION 2 History and Culture Ghana comes to power. Merchants introduce Islam. Kingdom of Mali replaces Ghana. Kingdom of Songhay comes to power. Slave trade begins. European colonization begins. Independence movements spread. Major Steps in West Africa’s History

31. Section 3  The Sahel countries –Mauratania –Mali –Niger

32. Main Ideas (sect. 3)  Most people are Muslim  Their laws are based on Islam  Desert is expanding  Hard to feed people  Millet and Sorghum can survive drought

33. Main Ideas (Sec 3)  Nouakchott has grown so rapidly because the expanding Sahara has crowded nomads into this city.  French is most common in the Sahel countries because France controlled the Sahel countries as colonies.

34. Niger  Landlocked country  Niger river – southwest corner  Question: What is it like to live in Niger, Mali or Mauritania?  Google Earth Google Earth Google Earth

35. Malaria Question: What can you say about the countries that have risk of malaria?

36. SECTION 3 The Sahel Countries CountryCrops Economy Challenges Climate Mauritania Mali Niger desert (no specific crops listed) cotton cotton, sorghum, peanuts, peas, rice, millet farming, fishing, herding fishing, farming, tourism farming, herding poverty, expanding desert malaria, poverty poverty, tensions, expanding desert The Sahel Countries

37. Section 4 : Coastal Countries  Nigeria  Senegal and Gambia  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Liberia, Sierra Leone  Ghana  Cote’ dIvore  Togo and Benin

38. Main Ideas (Sec 4)  Nigeria’s most important natural resource is oil because it makes up 93% of Nigeria’s exports.

39. Ivory Coast (20:24)

40. Chapter Review Match the letters on the map with their correct labels.  Niger River  Gulf of Guinea  Timbuktu  Nouakchott  Senegal River  Tibesti Mountains  Lake Chad  Abuja  Lagos  Lake Volta

41. SECTION 4 The Coastal Countries Positive Aspects oil, good railroads and roads, centrally located capital corruption in government, ethnic tension, high birthrate, economic dependency on oil Challenges Nigeria

42. West Africa (25:15)

43. Lets Review