1. INTRO TO GILDED AGE & PROGRESSIVE ERA Urbanization to Muckrakers

2. What is the Industrial Revolution about? Production Transportation Immigration Rise of Cities Decline in pop from rural areas Corruption Union Activism Racism/Nativism

3. Consequences for Society. Industrialization brings negative effects: Industrialization causes--  pollution-  air, water Industrialization causes---  poverty-  government doesn’t protect workers at first-  workers compete with other workers for low skill jobs-  workers work long hours-  get low pay-  unsafe working conditions Poverty is so bad-  children need to work Massive wealth is created by factory owners-  causes corruption-  business owners use money to influence government officials

4. Rise of Cities Between 1830-1860 Urban population of the US grew by 552% 1830- 1.1 million 1860 6.2 million Cities grow because of 1.Immigration 2.Rural to urban migration- people leave the farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in cities in Factories.

5. Cities African Americans begin to move, not large movement North until after WWI. Move to the city in response to limited opportunities in rural areas Mechanization of Agriculture Problems Overcrowding Crime Disease Poverty Exploitation

6. URBANIZATION The United States of America has been transformed from predominantly rural, agricultural nation into an urbanized, industrial one. This was largely due to the Industrial Revolution in the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and the rapid industrialization which the United States experienced as a result.

7. Immigrants & Emigrants Immigrant = A person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence Emigrant =A person who leaves their country for residence elsewhere

8. Immigration Push Factors Factors that pushed immigrants out of their native lands to America: Poverty- Lack of Economic Opportunity Political Repression - No freedom Ethnic conflict- War- conscription No jobs No hope of a future Famine/ starvation/drought Pull Factors Factors that pulled immigrants out of their native lands to America: Economic Opportunity Jobs/ workers were needed Land $ A future of land ownership Peace and stability Freedom to make a better life

9. IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE Most immigrants traveled in Steerage which was the open area below deck on ships Upon arriving to New York most steerage passengers were processed at Ellis Island Most immigrants were looked upon unfavorably by people who were strong supporters of Nativism

10. Immigration The United States is a nation of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of population was born in another country. Immigration to the United States occurs in waves. The First Wave of Immigrants: 1820- 1860- – Irish- 2 million – German- 1.5 million – British- 750,000 – Scandinavia 1825- 10,000 immigrants 1845- 100,000 per year 1854- 428,000 Second Wave of Immigration 1860- 1920 1865-1890- 9 million arrive 1890-1915 16 million arrive 1910 ½ the people of cities are Immigrants

11. From the colonial era to 1880, most immigrants came from England, Ireland, or Germany in Northern Europe Between 1880 and 1921, 70% of all immigrants to the USA came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Austria-Hungary, Russia) The “new immigrants” were typically young, male, either Catholic or Jewish, and spoke little or no English The majority were unskilled agricultural laborers with little money or education

12. Emma Lazarus- Poet “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.” ……………Base of Statue of Liberty

13. 75% of all immigrants entered the USA through the immigration center at Ellis Island, in New York Immigrants had to pass a health examination and anyone with a serious health problem or disease was not let in Inspectors questioned immigrants to made sure that they were not criminals, could work, and had some money ($25)

14. City life for Immigrants The “New” groups usually congregates together and forms an almost isolated community and institutions in the giant and growing cities of America. The Irish came together in great neighborhoods and sections of all Eastern Cities. They formed their own political groups and parties. They used their large numbers to build powerful political groups that dominated some large Cities and industries in those cities. Example: Police and Firemen in New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia. They set up: Churches, Hospitals, Welfare Organizations, Schools, Social Clubs, Political Organizations They helped each other in exchange for loyalty during the voting season. Jobs, security,

15. TENEMENTS Rundown apartment buildings usually housing multiple families. They were also used as a place to work from. They usually had no indoor plumbing.

16. CHINESE IMMIGRATION Angel Island = Immigration Station in San Francisco processed approximately 1 million Asians. Chinese Exclusionary Act 1882 = banned Chinese immigration for 10 years

17. How did people react to immigrants coming to America? Whenever a new group enters into an established community tension is caused and a pattern of development can be seen. Examples: When the Irish came in the 1840’s the established groups of British and Germans did not like the new Irish. Irish where different: Language- Irish Religion Roman Catholic Culture different from British Lifestyles- They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See cartoons. Xenophobia- anti foreigner attitudes Nativism- The idea of blaming immigrants for problems. Established groups blamed the new groups for problems: Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply” People said they were responsible for: Crime Immorality- alcohol abuse Catholics- not loyal to America Dirty- Inferior, Damaging to the United States

18. AMERICANIZATION Outside the U.S. = refers to Influence the United States of America has on the culture of other countries Within the United States = the term refers to the process of acculturation by immigrants.

19. Gallery Walk

20. WHEN YOU ARRIVE TO A PICUTRE, WRITE DOWN THE PICTURE’S NUMBER ON YOUR NOTEBOOK PAPER. FOR EACH PICTURE, EACH STUDENT MUST ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: A.What problems or issues do you see in the picture? B.How could you fix the problems in the picture? C.What complications will you face while trying to fix the problem?

21. MUCKRAKERS The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform- minded American journalists who relied on their own investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption.

22. Upton Sinclair In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muckraking novel, The Jungle, which exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act

23. Ida Tarbell She was an American teacher, author and journalist. She was one of the leading muckrakers of the progressive era She depicted John Rockefeller as crabbed, miserly, money-grabbing, and vicious in her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company

24. Jacob Riis He was a Danish American social reformer,"muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City. He wrote the book “How the other half live”

25. Jane Addams She was a pioneer American settlement social worker, public philosopher sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era. She helped turn America to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively.

26. Hull House It was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams. Hull House (named for the home's first owner) became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people (many of them recent European immigrants) in the surrounding neighborhood. The "residents" (volunteers at Hull were given this title) held classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities (such as sewing), In 1892, Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as "the three R's" of the settlement house movement: residence, research, and reform.