2. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Bentley & Ziegler, TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS, 4/e

3. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Big Picture Protest against corruption within the Roman Catholic Church led to religious & political divisions in western Europe (The Protestant Reformation) The medieval world of a united, Christian Europe was replaced by powerful, rival nation-states New, more open & democratic economies led to a dynamic merchant & middle class Scientific & technological breakthroughs led to a re-thinking of political and social arrangements (the Enlightenment, aka Age of Reason) EUROPE BECAME VERY DYNAMIC!

4. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. What was the IMMEDIATE cause of the Protestant Reformation? 1. Luther’s execution at the Diet of Worms 2. Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church 3. Luther’s outrage at the sale of indulgences 4. Ignatius Loyola’s founding of the Society of Jesus

5. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A major result of the Diet of Worms was: 1. The survival of Luther and his stand against the Church 2. The resignation of Pope Leo X 3. Agreement by the German princes to side with Luther 4. Charles V’s decision to grant Luther imperial protection

6. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia marked: 1. The surrender of Catholic forces throughout Europe 2. The division of Europe into a mainly Protestant north and Catholic south 3. The restoration of Germany to the Catholic Church 4. The end of the Seven Years’ War

7. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The best example of a 17 th century absolute monarch is: 1. Charles II of Britain 2. Louis XIV of France 3. Ferdinand II of Austria 4. Frederick the Great of Prussia

8. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The palace of Versailles 1. Shows France’s commitment to popular government 2. Houses Spain’s priceless collection of art 3. Represents Prussia’s commitment to tolerance 4. Embodies Louis XIV’s vision of absolute monarchy

9. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The two nations that pioneered limited, constitutional monarchies in the 17 th century are: 1. Spain & France 2. England & the Netherlands 3. England & Austria 4. Spain & Portugal

10. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How did Tsar Peter the Great’s reign affect Russia? 1. Peter made Russia a parliamentary democracy 2. Peter modernized & westernized Russia 3. Peter brought communism to Russia 4. Peter converted Russia to Roman Catholicism

11. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Who was Adam Smith? 1. The philosopher who called for the separation of powers 2. His “Wealth of Nations” outlined the laws of market economics 3. The Puritan who led the civil war against Charles I 4. The director of the East India Company

12. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How did the “Protestant work ethic” transform society? 1. By encouraging women to work, it doubled the work force 2. It forbid the taking of profit, ensuring fairness in commercial transactions 3. By honoring the value of work, it fostered the growth of the middle class 4. Its preaching against greed led to the establishment of charitable foundations

13. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Why did the Catholic Church oppose Galileo? 1. His experiments questioned the existence of heaven 2. His proof of heliocentrism went against church teachings 3. He advocated the popular election of the pope 4. They considered him a rival to Copernicus, a Catholic monk

14. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How did the work of scientists like Newton lead to the Enlightenment? 1. Newton’s theories inspired European interest in Buddhism 2. Newton’s atheism led to a general questioning of religion 3. His laws of nature led to a call for rational approaches in other fields 4. Newton’s scientific discoveries inspired renewed faith in the power of God

15. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe German monk & professor of Bible studies at Wittenberg Outraged by the pope’s sale of indulgences (“Get Out of Hell Free Cards”) to raise money for St. Peter’s in Rome Wrote 95 Theses detailing his complaints against the Roman Catholic Church, and calling for reform—nailed them to the door of the church at Wittenberg

16. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Luther’s ideas printed & widely read—Luther finds support from German people & nobles Pope condemns Luther as a heretic—he is summoned to the Diet of Worms Luther stands his ground—translates Bible into German—half of Germany becomes Lutheran

17. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Reform Outside Germany Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Protestantism popular in Swiss cities, low countries (Netherlands), Scotland, France (Huguenots) Henry VIII takes England out of the Catholic fold Protestant emphasis on reading Scripture for one’s self encouraged literacy

18. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Reform Outside Germany John Calvin Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe French convert to Protestantism (Huguenots) Built model Protestant community in Geneva, 1530s Calvinist missionaries succeeded in Scotland, Holland, France & England (cf. Reformed churches)

19. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Catholic Reformation (aka Counter-Reformation) The Council of Trent Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Under pressure from within and without, the leadership of the Catholic church meets to pursue reform, 1545-63 Higher standards set for training of priests, behavior of church leaders

20. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Catholic Reformation The Council of Trent St. Ignatius Loyola Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Basque nobleman who dedicated himself to Catholic religious work

21. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Catholic Reformation The Council of Trent St. Ignatius Loyola The Society of Jesus (aka Jesuits) Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Order founded by Ignatius, 1540 “Soldiers of Christ” Dedicated & effective missionaries in both Old & New Worlds (cf. The Mission) Devoted to high standard education (cf. Georgetown)

22. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars Witch-Hunting Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Became a “fad” of sorts during 1600s (cf. Salem witch trials) Witches blamed for disasters— reflected social tensions

23. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars Witch-Hunting Religious Wars Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Terrible civil wars in France, 1562-98—St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Huguenots expelled War between Catholic Spain & Protestant England, 1588 (Defeat of the Spanish Armada) Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolt against Catholic Habsburg rule

24. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars Witch-Hunting Religious Wars The Thirty Years’ War (1618-48) Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Worst war in Europe until the 20 th c. One-third of German population killed (Many emigrated to America) Culmination of Europe’s religious wars Literary Connection: Mother Courage (Bertolt Brecht)

25. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Europe After Westphalia, 1648

26. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of Empire (notes, II A) Charles V Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Spanish empire Inherited holdings from Hungary to Peru

27. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of Empire Charles V Imperial Fragmentation Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe De-centralized administration of Holy Roman Empire—long tradition of local kingdoms doing things “their way”

28. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of Empire Charles V Imperial Fragmentation Foreign Challenges Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe France supported Charles’ enemies to maintain French independence Ottoman Turks besieged Vienna in 1683— king Jan Sobieski of Poland saved the day

29. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The New Monarchs Finance Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Henry of England, Francois of France & Isabel of Spain sought new sources of $--tried new taxes and fees

30. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The New Monarchs Finance State Power Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Monarchs built powerful bureaucracies & standing armies In Protestant lands, kings assumed lands & roles of the church (welfare, education) Cardinal Richelieu built France into a powerhouse

31. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The New Monarchs Finance State Power The Spanish Inquisition Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Heretics Burned at the Stake Royal power teamed with the Church to crush all opposition to either of them

32. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Constitutional States Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe England & the Netherlands—limited powers of government, individual rights, representative institutions In England, evolved out of a bitter civil war, 1642-49— Parliament & Puritans killed king—monarchy later re- established, limited by Bill of Rights (Glorious Revolution, 1689)

33. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Constitutional States Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe England & Holland both had prominent merchant class—enjoyed unusual prosperity Both built overseas commercial empires with minimal gov’t interference (East India Companies)

34. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Absolutism Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Based on idea of the divine right of kings: “I’m God’s guy on earth—he likes me best” (so, opposing me=opposing God) Crushing the power of the nobles essential to absolutism; Richelieu very good at this

35. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Absolutism The Sun King Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe “L’etat, c’est moi.” - King Louis XIV Louis’ court at Versailles centered on him (the royal bedroom was in the center)

36. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Louis XIV’s Palace at Versailles

37. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Constitutional States Absolutism The Sun King Absolutism Outside France Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Monarchs in Spain, Austria, Prussia & Russia used Louis XIV as a model for absolute rule

38. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Imperial Russia in the Eighteenth Century

39. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire A Window on the West Peter I (aka Peter the Great) Outmaneuvered his older brother & sister to become tsar, 1689 Grew up playing in Moscow’s foreign quarter— became fascinated with shipbuilding & technology Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

40. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire A Window on the West Peter I Peter’s Program of Westernization Model Russian bureaucracy on efficient western Europeans (French, Dutch, English, Prussians) Bring the most advanced science & technology to Russia Send Russians to the west to learn the best military & industrial technology Peter himself went incognito to see the west for himself Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

41. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire A Window on the West Military Reform: Build powerful, modern army Better pay, modern weapons Aristocratic officers had to study math & geometry Built largest army in Europe, whupped Sweden, 1700-1722 Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

42. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire A Window on the West Peter’s Program of Westernization Social Reform Peter challenged traditional Russian customs: Women encouraged to get out more Men forced to cut beards or pay a “beard tax” Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

43. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire A Window on the West Peter’s Program of Westernization St. Petersburg City Peter had built from scratch in 1703 to be his “Window on the West” New headquarters for Russian navy, government administration Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

44. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Peter & His City The “Venice of the East”—many canals Beautiful architecture, much of it in the French Louis XIV style Epilog: Peter did much to strengthen & modernize Russia, but most Russians were still poor farmers & serfs

45. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire The Limits of Westernization Catherine II “You write on paper, but I have to write on human skin, which is far more ticklish.” - Catherine the Great to the French philosophe Diderot Princess of a minor German kingdom who married the future tsar Allied herself with the nobles to take power Saw herself as an enlightened despot—an autocratic ruler who reforms society from the top down Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

46. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Westernization and Empire The Limits of Westernization Catherine II Pugachev’s Rebellion The End of Reform Pugachev’s Rebellion & the French Revolution (1789) soured Catherine on reform Western influence limited after this time (cf. China, Japan, Islamic empires) (Hey, I didn’t really mean all that stuff about rights for the people!) Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

47. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Imperial Russia in the Eighteenth Century

48. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The European States System The Peace of Westphalia Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Ended Thirty Years’ War, 1648 System of independent states Abandoned religious unity Did not end war

49. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Europe After Westphalia, 1648

50. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The European States System The Peace of Westphalia The Balance of Power Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe No ruler wanted to see another state dominate Diplomacy based on shifting alliances in national interests (Eg., France plays the Ottomans against Austria)

51. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The European States System The Peace of Westphalia The Balance of Power Military Development Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Competition among European powers fostered cutting-edge militaries: New technologies such as cannon & small arms (muskets, pistols) Military academies nurtured expertise in strategy & tactics China, India & Ottomans left in the dust

52. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Population Growth and Urbanization American Food Crops Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Enriched Europeans’ diet Increased resistance to disease Changed lifestyles (coffee houses)

53. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Population Growth and Urbanization American Food Crops Population Growth Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe More than doubles: From 81 million in 1500 to 180 million by 1800

54. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Population Growth and Urbanization American Food Crops Population Growth Urbanization Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe European cities grow dramatically in size and importance

55. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization The Nature of Capitalism Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Private people take advantage of free markets Economic decisions made by individuals, not government or nobility

56. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization The Nature of Capitalism Supply and Demand Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Market forces that act as an “invisible hand” that meets consumers’ needs (vs. the government’s “visible hand”) Merchants built up infrastructure— roads, ports, bridges

57. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sources From The Past: Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe “Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in view…” - An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

58. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization The Nature of Capitalism Supply and Demand Joint-Stock Companies Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Allowed more people to participate in businesses World’s first “multi-nationals”—British East India Company, VOC (Dutch)

59. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization The Nature of Capitalism Supply and Demand Joint-Stock Companies Politics and Empire Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Governments (England, Netherlands) protected private property, contracts Companies authorized to explore and conquer

60. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization Politics and Empire The Putting-Out System Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Entrepreneurs bypassed guilds, hired rural laborers—very profitable (aka cottage industry—pre-factory)

61. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Social Change in Early Modern Europe Profit and Ethics Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Big changes from the Middle Ages, when profit was considered sinful— the “Protestant Work Ethic”—work is virtuous Adam Smith: by pursuing their own self-interest, people will improve society better than if they actually tried to Change to capitalism contributed to social strains— bandits, muggings, witch-hunts

62. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Capitalist Society Social Change in Early Modern Europe Profit and Ethics The Nuclear Family Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe (Mom, Dad & kids)—became the core of society as people became more independent economically, socially, and emotionally Love between men & women, parents & children became more important (vs. pragmatic, social arrangement)

63. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Reconception of the Universe The Ptolemaic Universe Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Fit Christian notion of man and earth at the center “Everyone has his place”—supported social hierarchies (church, nobles) Did not explain motion of planets

64. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Reconception of the Universe The Ptolemaic Universe Planetary Movement Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

65. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Reconception of the Universe The Ptolemaic Universe Planetary Movement The Copernican Universe Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Polish monk claims sun at center, 1543—earth just one of the planets

66. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe With his telescope, Galileo proved Copernicus right—the sun is the center Put under house arrest by the Pope— Pope apologized a few years ago Other experiments with falling bodies contributed to physics

67. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Huge impact—his De Principia Mathematica, 1686, spelled out basic laws by which the universe works (Newton’s Laws) Einstein of his day—came to symbolize the Scientific Revolution

68. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Enlightenment Science and Society Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Enlightenment thinkers sought natural laws that governed society the way Newton’s laws governed the universe (cf. “unalienable rights”) John Locke: “Tabula Rasa,” natural rights, social contract Adam Smith: Economic laws of supply & demand Montesquieu: separation of powers (natural order of government)

69. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Enlightenment Science and Society Voltaire Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe France’s leading philosophe, who championed individual freedom Prolific writer, especially good at satire; eg., Candide 50 cups of coffee a day—guess that explains his “high voltage!”

70. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Enlightenment Science and Society Voltaire Deism Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Popular Enlightenment belief that accepted God as Creator, but denied some of Christianity’s supernatural beliefs God as Clockmaker, who established the universe according to natural laws, then let it go Implies progress is possible if people discover and live by natural laws

71. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science and Enlightenment The Enlightenment Science and Society Voltaire Deism The Theory of Progress Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Belief that society can and should be improved—very different than medieval concept of order and position, divine right of kings Encouraged secular values, reason, and prosperity Later criticized for being too optimistic—not dealing with human evil

72. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Big Picture Protest against corruption within the Roman Catholic Church led to religious & political divisions in western Europe (The Protestant Reformation) The medieval world of a united, Christian Europe was replaced by powerful, rival nation-states New, more open & democratic economies led to a dynamic merchant & middle class Scientific & technological breakthroughs led to a re-thinking of political and social arrangements (the Enlightenment, aka Age of Reason) EUROPE BECAME VERY DYNAMIC!