1. OPENSTAX AP UNIT 1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Ch. 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1.1 Overview Of Anatomy And Physiology A. Anatomy  Study Methods B. Physiology  Study Methods C. Anatomy and Physiology Complement each other Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. D. Topics Of Anatomy—levels Of Study  Gross anatomy =  Regional  Systemic  Surface  Radiographic  Developmental Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. D. Anatomy—Levels of Study …  Microscopic Anatomy  Cytology:  Histology: E. Topics of Physiology & Study Methods  Organ to Molecular level  Chemistry  Physics  Homeostasis  Scientific Method Figure 14.4c–d Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings STUDY QUESTION: Compare and Contrast Anatomy and Physiology, including their specializations and methods of study.

4. ADDENDUM : F. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Observation  (Research Literature for What is Know) 2. Hypothesis 3. Test Hypothesis  Independent & Dependent Variables  Control and Experimental Groups  Types:  Experiment  Observational Study 4. Results: Collect & Analyze Data 5. Conclusions– Hypothesis supported or not; no absolutes 6. Theories and Principles/Laws STUDY QUESTION Describe the Scientific Method.

5. Figure 1.1, step 1 1.2 Structural Organization of the Body– see handout ∙ Small parts are assembled into larger and larger parts Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Chapter 2

6. Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of Molecules and Structures, ORGANELLES, made up Of Molecules. Smooth muscle cell 1 2 Figure 1.1, step 2 Chapter 3

7. Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells with a common function. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue 1 2 3 Figure 1.1, step 3 Chapter 4

8. Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues and have particular functions Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue 1 2 3 4 Figure 1.1, step 4 Chapters 5- 28

9. Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 1.1, step 5 Chapters 5-28

10. Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue 1 2 3 4 5 6 Study Question Describe the Structure of the Human Body in terms of the 6 levels of organization.

11. Figure 1.2a Organ Systems * ASSIGNMENT: USE TEXT PAGES 14 & 15 to fill in Organs and Functions Integumentary – ____________________ Skeletal Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Figure 1.2c Muscular System Nervous System Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Endocrine System  Hormones Cardiovascular System Figure 1.2e Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Lymphatic System Respiratory System Figure 1.2g Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Digestive System Excretory System Reproductive System Figure 1.2i Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings STUDY QUESTION List the 11 organ systems and give the organ and functions of each.

16. Homeostasis = the narrow range of values that a physiological condition must be maintained within for life. Organ Systems Interrelationships * see handout Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Examples: Body Temperature Blood Pressure

17. 1.3 Functions of Human Life Functions your body must do to keep you alive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

18. 1.3 Functions of Human Life  Organization– Maintain Boundaries  Movement - -  Responsiveness -  Digestion - STUDY QUESTIONS Explain the importance of the cell membrane, membranes of internal compartments, and the skin as Boundaries.

19.  Metabolism -Catabolism vs. Anabolism -Energy & Cellular Respiration Carbohydrates  ATP + H2O + CO2 Food Fuel  Energy + Byproducts Molecule  Excretion STUDY QUESTIONS Distinguish between Metabolism, Catabolism, and Anabolism

20. RReproduction -C-Cellular: -O-Organismal: GGrowth & Development: - Differentiation Study Question Compare and Contrast Growth, Reproduction, and Differentiation

21. 1.4 Requirements for Life = Survival Needs from the Environmental  Oxygen: -% air -Energy  Water -70% -Solution -Chemical Reactions -Other functions (p. 27)  Nutrients -Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates & Nucleic Acids - Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients Study Question Discuss the role of Oxygen and Nutrients in maintaining human survival

22.  Stable body temperature -Body Temp = -Hot: -Enzymes -Cold -Hypothermia -Controlled Hypothermia ( p. 28)  Atmospheric pressure -Respiration -Affect of Altitude -Altitude sickness -Decompression sickness (p. 29) Study Question Explain why extreme heat and cold threaten human survival. Study Question Explain how the pressure of the air influences human survival

23. 1.5 Homeostasis  Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Set Point Normal Range of Values Stable and Dynamic Equilibrium Monitored by:

24. Negative Feedback System (Mechanism) 3 Main Parts that are Body Structures Receptor (sensor, afferent)  Monitors:  Receives stimuli  Stimulus out of range causes system activation at Control center Control center  Determines the acceptable range o of values  Receives:  Determines:

25. 1.5 Homeostasis … Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effector (Organ or Gland, Efferent)  Receives:  Creates the response  One or more possible 98.6 Effectors Body Temperature Example Study Question How does Homeostasis keep people healthy? Explain.

26. Negative Feedback  Response and Stimuli are in opposite directions STIMULUS RESPONSE RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER EFFECTOR

27. Positive Feedback Mechanisms  Response is:  Stimulus keeps getting stronger and stronger  Some climax event causes the + feedback to shut down, usually suddenly  Two Examples (p. 32) Study Question Compare and Contrast negative and positive feedback and give one example of each.

28. Positive Feedback  Response and Stimuli are in the same direction STIMULUS RESPONSE RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER EFFECTOR

29. 1.6 Anatomical Terminology -Eliminates ambiguity -From Greek & Latin -Roots, prefixes, & suffixes -Describe: position, regions direction, structures, & cavities  Anatomical Position  Prone  Supine  Regional Terms Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Study Question Demonstrate the Anatomical Position.

30. Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) (a) Anterior Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

31. Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Pelvic (pelvis) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Pollex (thumb) Digital (fingers) Mammary (breast) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mental (chin) Umbilical (navel) (a) Anterior Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings * ABDOMINOPELVIC REGION = Abdominal + Pelvic Regions Will be further subdivided into 9 regions

32. Regional Terms: Anterior View Figure 1.7a Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Pelvic (pelvis) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Pollex (thumb) Digital (fingers) Pubic (genital region) Patellar (anterior knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Pedal (foot) Digital (toes) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg) Hallux (great toe) Mammary (breast) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mental (chin) Umbilical (navel) (a) Anterior Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

33. Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Cephalic (head) (b) Posterior Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34. Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b Brachial (arm) Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Manus (hand) Upper extremity Cephalic (head) (b) Posterior Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

35. Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b Brachial (arm) Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) Manus (hand) Upper extremity Cephalic (head) Lower extremity (b) Posterior Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36. Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

37. Body Planes and Sections– divide the body into …  Sagittal section:  median, or midsagittal:  Frontal section:  Transverse, or cross, section: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

38. Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

39. Body Cavities  Dorsal (Posterior) body cavity  Cranial cavity:  Spinal cavity:  Ventral (Anterior) body cavity  Thoracic cavity:  Abdominopelvic cavity: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. THORACIC BODY CAVITY  Pleural Cavities  Pericardial Cavity  Mediastinum– includes pericardial Cavity and contains the organs above and behind the heart Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

41. ABDOMINALPELVIC CAVITY  Abdominal Cavity  Pelvic Cavity  Further subdivided into Regions Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

42. Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominopelvic Quadrants: medical reference regions Figure 1.8a Belly Button (umbilical ) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43. ***Abdominopelvic Regions– 9 Areas of the Abdominal and Pelvic Regions and includes the cavity contents Figure 1.8b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

44. Other Body Cavities Figure 1.13

45. Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity = Serous Membrains  Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid that go around specific organs Pleural (Pleura) Pericardial (Pericardium) Peritoneal (Peritoneum) The 2 layers  Parietal:  Visceral:  Serous fluid in between

46. 1.7 Medical Imaging  X-Rays  CT & CAT scans  MRI  PET  Ultrasonography

47. END

48. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following is related to Physiology? a.The shape of the heart b.How the kidneys rid the body of wastes c.Structural changes caused by disease d.Workings of the Nervous System e.All of the above

49. 4.What are tissues and which level of organization is made of organized tissues? 5. Cells are made up of _________________. Review Questions

50. 6. Which body system eliminates nitrogen wastes? 7. Which body system allows leaked fluids to return to body vessels? Review Questions

51. REVIEW QUESTIONS 11. What term means all the chemical reactions in the body? 13. Atmospheric Pressure is important to what body system?

52. 17. Homeostasis can be described as: Which of the following are correct? a) a dynamic equilibrium that keeps the body in working order. b) a process that always acts to increase the value of a body variable c) the maintenance of internal conditions that sustain life. d) a static mechanism that maintains certain variables at the same level all the time REVIEW QUESTIONS 15. The item that senses the stimulus is called the what?

53. 19. In directional anatomical terms, the head is ________ to the neck; the hands are __________ to the elbow; and the lumbar region is ___________ to the abdominal region. Review Question

54. 20.Things get a bit out of control on Friday night and your friend gets stabbed in the left hypochondriac region. What organs may have been damaged? 21. The membrane layer that is directly on the surface of the heart (touching it) is called the? Participation Point 7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings