1. ©Joan Ferrante, for instructional use

7. THE “LOGIC”: In the United States race is treated as categorical

8. 1. American Indian or Alaskan Native (1.2%) 2. Asian (5.2%) 3. Black (13.2%) 4. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (.2%) 5. White (77.7%) 6. Other Race/Two or more races (2.4%) 6 Official “Legal” Racial Categories

9. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 316 million/7.2 billion American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian Black White Other

10. Blanco Negro Another way: a continuum of skin shades with black and white as endpoints

11. Categorical system is founded on a belief in racial purity

12. categorical system transforms many ethnic/cultural groups into one super-category Black - any person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa White - any person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North America, or the Middle East

13. Black - any person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa

15. White - any person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe North America Middle East

16. Categorical system Requires (and is supported by) laws to classify “problem cases”—e.g., those who do not fit into ONE racial category 316 million/7.2 billion

17. Our first “problem cases”

18. Enslaved peoples who were offspring of master and enslaved were the first “problem cases.”

19. Categorical system Laws to classify “problem cases” (the offspring): Offspring follow the condition of the mother rule Enslaved women forbidden to reveal name of father Biological parent and children/siblings can be different races

20. Another problem case

21. Frederick Douglass, the great orator and abolitionist is viewed as “black.” Yet in is autobiography he writes that he knew his father to be “white” and the “opinion was whispered that my master was my father; but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing.” He could not know for sure because enslaved women were forbidden by law to name the father of their children. 1818-1895

22. Another problem case

23. Booker T. Washington, an African-American leader and educator, was born into slavery in 1856 as the son of a white father and enslaved mother. In his autobiography, Washington wrote “I have heard reports to the effect that he was a white man who lived on one of the near-by plantations.” 1856-1915

24. Another problem case: the offspring of Thomas Jefferson 1743-1846

30. See notes section of this PowerPoint

31. See notes below

32. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1910 Census enumerators were instructed to code race through OBSERVATION

33. Another problem case

46. TWINS

47. Cousins

48. Upon running away to freedom, where is the line that allows the best chance of escaping enslavement?