1. Name: Dr. Cathal Doyle Email: cathal.doyle@umail.ucc.iecathal.doyle@umail.ucc.ie Twitter: @Cathal_Doyle@Cathal_Doyle Website: cathaldoyle.comcathaldoyle.com

2.  We will look to answer 3 questions first:  What is the internet?  Where did it come from?  Who manages it?

3.  At this stage the term “The Internet” is used by people in all walks of life to describe almost anything that is computer based  Most people would have a problem describing it, as for most people the Internet is whatever they use it for  How would you describe it?

4.  People will say it is email, Websites, music downloads, last weeks TV or next weeks TV. Most people will describe the Internet as the applications they use.  The definition we will use for the Internet is that it is “the public infrastructure that carries data between end-devices for use by applications”  This may seem a bit vague but then the Internet is an ever changing complex system that contains many independent elements and as it is not controlled by any one body there is no agreed single definition

5.  In 1974 Arthur C. Clarke made the following statements In 1974 Arthur C. Clarke made the following statements

6.  The infrastructure of the internet simply carries data packets between end devices  It does not interpret the data or understand it in any way  All packets of data are treated the same and there is no distinction between end- devices

7.  An end-device is any device that can connect to the Internet to send or receive data packets  This includes the standard PC, Laptops, servers and netbooks  But also mobile phones, PDAs, cameras, fridges, telescopes and just about anything

8.  What we need to take from this description is that the Internet is the infrastructure that allows any number of applications to operate  So the World Wide Web is a separate application to email or file transfer (music downloads or any other type of file)  They are independent applications running on a common infrastructure that we will refer to as the Internet

9.  There are plenty of urban legends about the “formation” of the Internet  The most popular being that the US Department of Defense (DoD) wanted a network that could survive a nuclear attack  Certainly most of the origins of the Internet are from US based organisations involved with the DoD. But the network that evolved to become the Internet was as much built to connect all these organisations together as it was to provide the DoD with a resilient computer network.

10.  The requirement for a common network came about in the late 1960’s at a time when all computer systems were proprietary  So there was no easy way to get two systems to communicate with each other  The first real attempt to get any cross platform network up and operational was the ARPAnet in 1967. This was a closed network for nodes that all related to ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) projects.

11.  Then in 1974 we had a new proposal that actually dealt with the connecting of independent networks and the term “internetting” was used to describe this  During the 1980s there was a huge growth in the number of services available  Each of these services provided a closed network that provided users with a proprietary set of applications

12.  The French Minitel is one such case, which was an online service that users accessed through their phone line  While experiments were initially run in 1978 in Britany, it got a general release to the rest of France in 1982  The service brought online banking, travel reservations, mail box, chat, and the ability to check stock prices, to millions of users throughout the 1980s - at the highpoint of the Minitel, there was an estimated 25 million users, and 26,000 services on offer.

13.  So it was into the 1990s before there was any real internetworking  By October 1990, almost a third of a million computers were connected to the internet, and this figure doubled, with almost 620,000 connected by October 1991  But for many the creation of the Web proved to be the catalyst that drove the requirement for a single global network infrastructure

14.  By October 1993, there were 2 million computers connected to the internet, but by July 1995, this had increased to 6.6 million computers, which then doubled to 12.8 million in one year. By July 1997, 19.6 million computers were connected to the Internet.

15.  As is often pointed out by the news media there is no single management group for the Internet  The way to view the management of the Internet is to remember its function, to interconnect networks. Each network is managed by its owners. If they want to share traffic with other networks then they must agree an approach to do this.  The Internet provides a common set of open standards that can be used by anyone to enable traffic to move between networks. So if the administrators of two networks agree to share traffic over the Internet they each know the approach they must use.

16.  Here are some interesting tools to remind us of the Internet of the past:  Dial-up Dial-up  Low Bandwidth Simulator vs UCC Internet Speed Test Low Bandwidth SimulatorUCC Internet Speed Test  Wayback Machine Wayback Machine

17.  Here are some examples:  http://www.lingscars.com/ http://www.lingscars.com/  http://www.seowebsitehero.com/ http://www.seowebsitehero.com/  http://www.soccershop.ie/ http://www.soccershop.ie/  http://suraj.lums.edu.pk/~cs463s06/course_outline.htm http://suraj.lums.edu.pk/~cs463s06/course_outline.htm  http://www.warnerbros.com/archive/spacejam/index.html http://www.warnerbros.com/archive/spacejam/index.html

18.  Internet speeds have grown rapidly (anyone know what is currently offered in Ireland?)  Access to broadband has increased  Its also cheap to get devices that connect to the Internet (Raspberry Pi - supercomputer)Raspberry Pi supercomputer

20.  The Internet of things is “the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity—that enables these objects to collect and exchange data” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things  It is based on the concept of physical objects being able to utilize the Internet backbone to communicate data about their condition, position, or other attributes  For example For example

21.  The way we are accessing the Internet is continually changing  What we perceive as the role of the Internet in our lives is shifting  We started on PCs and moved to smartphones, tablets and social media

22.  Now our physical actions and social activity can trigger our home’s physical objects and vice versa  Gartner predicts that by 2020, 25 billion “things” will be connected to the Internet as part of the IoT  The IoT will generate $14,400,000,000 of value over the next decade

23.  With the IoT, anything can be connected to the Internet, which can exchange information and perform actions on their own  This consists of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems, and the Internet  This provides organisations with the ability to track mechanical things (e.g. cars), embedded things (e.g. heart monitors), or mobile things (e.g. cows).

24.  The IoT allows farmers to gather “cow data”, where by attaching wireless sensors to the cows’ ears they can measure their vital signs.  This data can then be transmitted to a server for access by farmers through their smart phone or computer, allowing them to respond when an animal is sick or pregnant.  Consider this example and this article is a good read Consider this examplethis article is a good read

25.  Home = Consumer  Transport = Mobility  Health = Body  Building = Infrastructure  Cities = Industry  Home = Smart Thermostat  Transport = Smart Cars  Health = Activity Trackers  Building = Smart Outlets  Cities = Parking Sensors

26. Smoke Alarms Thermostats Piggy Banks Cars Watches Fitness Trackers Beds LED Lightbulbs Connected Ovens Coffee Makers Dog Feeders Garage Doors Outlets Switches

27.  None of these devices are new, but the internet is changing the way we use them on a daily basis  It is also changing the functions that they can perform  For example…

28.  Smart light bulbs are not just about on/off functions  They are able to alter trhe environment you choose to be in and interact with  Whether it is the bulb changing to music playing in the room or a light blinking when your oven is preheated, smart bulbs have many applications

29.  Edyn is a device that tracks the health of your garden to maximise your plant growth  The Edyn garden sensor is planted in the soil continuously monitors environmental conditions in your garden  The sensor connects to your Wi-Fi network to send you insights through its corresponding app

30.  The Google Nest looks to replace traditional thermostats  This is achieved by allowing you to change the room temperature, adjust your heating schedule, and view your energy use remotely from mobile, tablet or laptop  Additionally, it allows your environment to interact with online services and be triggered based on online activity such as tweets, cars approaching home, and the status of your sleep cycle

31.  Beyond schedules, a smart coffee machine will interact with your watch or smart mattress to know when you are waking up so it can brew coffee at the perfect time  How about a trigger that brews a cup when it detects you’re sleepy?