1. GRDG526: Language, Literacy, and Diversity in American Education Literacy and Gender Identity Dr. Gloria E. Jacobs

2. Agenda Class trip discussion Sharing Review of Multilingual Issues Minilecture Break Small Group Discussion Whole Group Discussion APA Next Week & Finals Week

3. Class Trip Discussion

4. Sharing

5. Review of Multilingual Issues Watch Watch and respond

6. Répondez à ces questions sur la vidéo Qu'est-ce que l'homme trouve dans le tiroir? Pensez-vous que la lampe de poche était dangereux? Pourquoi? Quel a été le conflit dans la vidéo? Quel est le thème de la vidéo?

7. Minilecture Learning English versus Learning Content versus Assessment in English Understanding how your ideologies affect how you frame the issues What happens when we suspend our ideologies and look at it dispassionately from a pedagogical point of view?

8. Stages of Language Proficiency  Entering – pictoral representations, words & phrases  Beginning – General language, phrases & short sentences, oral & written language contain phonological, syntactic, semantic errors that impede understanding  Developing – General and some specific content area language, expanded sentences, errors may impede understanding  Expanding – specific and technical content language, variety of sentence lengths of varying complexity, minimal errors that do not impede understanding  Bridging – technical language of the content area, vareity of sentence lengths, varying complexity, multiple paragraphs, errors similar to those of native speakers

9. Gender roles & literacy Tough Guise Beyond Beats & Rhyme Killing Us Softly

10. Basic Differences between Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Preference Biology and Culture Sex Gender Identity Sexual preference Identify your ideologies, then suspend them.

11. Sex Differences Neuroscience Sex differences start out small but amplified by cultural influence Gaps in intellectual performance, empathy, aggression are smaller than disparity in adult height. Few large scale differences in brain structure or function Boys have larger brains (and larger heads), girls brains finish growing earlier. Neither of these provide any insight into differences.

12. Sex Differences The role of hormones Presence of testosterone triggers fidgetiness in the womb but… Hormone levels are the same in girls and boys between birth and puberty yet… Sex difference in activity widens Therefore, enculturation plays a bigger role that hormone differences

13. Sex Differences The role of play Physical play (such as sports, trucks, blocks) increases spatial skills Role play (dolls, coloring books, dress-up) increases verbal, social, and fine motor skills

14. Aggression Despite the surge in testosterone at puberty, boys do not suddenly become more aggressive Boys allowed to compete and fight Girls taught to be passive or collaborative. Aggression comes out in form of gossip, ostracism, etc.

15. Empathy Women report being more empathetic, but in tests of identifying emotions on faces, the gender difference is small This difference is even smaller in children Boys taught to hide expressions of fear which leaves an imprint on the amygdala.

16. Language Development Females outscore males on most measures of speaking, reading, writing and small but gaps are small and change with age. Girls start talking earlier than boys and by 12 th grade surpass boys in literacy skills, but During childhood girls tend to read more than boys, which builds reading skills. The gap shrinks in adulthood

17. Spatial skills Spatial skills are needed for success in science and higher math Sex differences in spatial skills are among the largest of the cognitive gaps. Difference is smaller in children than adults Spatial skills can improve with training

18. Conclusions about Sex Differences “Genes and hormones light the spark for most boy-girl differences, but he flame is strongly fanned by the essentially separate cultures in which boys and girls grow up. Appreciating how sex differences emerge can reduce dangerous stereotyping and give parents and teachers ideas for crosstraining boys’ and girls’ minds” (p. 29).

19. The Third Gender Gender versus sex Sex (XX or XY) – but even that is problematic Transsexuals are people with normal chromosomes who feel psychologically like the opposite sex

20. Gender identity The subjective feeling of “maleness” or femaleness.” Different from biological sex

21. Sexual Orientation Who one is sexually attracted to Separate from biology Separate from gender identity Transsexuals can be gay or straight

22. Break

23. Small Group Discussion You choose

24. Whole Group Discussion Hand in a question your group develops (a new one) on an index card.

25. APA APA Checklist APA podcast available on wiki The American Psychological Association (APA) 6 th Edition guides the style and format of papers written within the field of education.

26. APA style  See APA Checklist  Typing  Format  Headings & subheadings

27. Citation Practices Cite when directly quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing. Use direct quotes sparingly (no more than 2 per page). Introduce direct quotes by explaining the meaning, relevance, or significance of the quote to your text. Avoid ending paragraphs with a quote. Follow quotes with further explanation or transition to the next idea.

28. Summarizing: Using facts and ideas from someone else but condensing them using your own words. Since computer mediated communication was initially identified as a possible source of language change (Baron, 1984) and as a medium that people find socially meaningful despite its apparent lack of social and emotional cues (Ferrara, Brunner, & Whittemore, 1991; Walther, 1996), researchers have struggled over several key questions.

29. Paraphrasing: Using someone else’s ideas but in your own words. Literacy involves the ways in which we use text for culturally meaningful purposes within culturally meaningful activities (Gee, 2000).

30. Direct Quotes: Repeating someone else words word for word. Use quotation marks to identify the quotation. Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text Wired teens have developed the “the skills, achievements, and previous experiences that he or she can arrange and rearrange (in terms of a literal or metaphorical portfolio) to sell him or herself for new opportunities in changed times” (Gee, 2000, p. 4). 2009 30

31. Direct Quotes  In ‐ text quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text  set within double quotation marks,  followed by the in ‐ text citation with the page number of the quote.  Use p. for a quote from a single page  Use pp. for a quote that spans a range of pages.  Note that the sentence punctuation follows the citation.  For an ‐ text citation for the quoted author given earlier in the sentence, only the page number follows the quote.  Example: Smith and Jones (1993) found gum chewing improved students’ retention of classroom material, but also noted professors found “the sight of 30 cud-chewing faces completely disgusting and demoralizing” (p. 32). 2009 31

32. Block Quotes Long quotes of 40 words or more are set as block quotes; each line is indented 5 spaces (0.5” in.) and double ‐ spaced. Period goes before the page number Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) 2009 32

33. Citing an Author Multiple Times within a Paragraph The first mention requires the full set of information. Subsequent mentions within the paragraph should also include the citation.

34. Example What constitutes literacy continues to be a contentious issue, particularly as multimodal media appear to supplant traditional typographic texts. For instance, Steinkuehler (2007) notes that game playing has been blamed for the demise of literacy, but points out that this critique is faulty on two points. The first fault, she argues, is that the critique does not consider the wide range of gaming people engage in. The second fault, and more serious fault, according to Steinkuehler (2007), is that the critique is built on a limited definition of what constitutes literacy. In her research, Steinkuehler (2007) identified the literate activities that are inherent within massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs). She demonstrated that game players engage in what she calls a "constellation of literacy practices" (2007, p. 297) that include social interaction, in-game letters and orally delivered narratives, as well as postings on online game forums, creating fan sites and writing fan fiction. As such, Steinkuehler (2007) argues that gaming does not replace literate activities but instead is a literate activity. If this is the case, then it becomes important for educators to consider the constellation of literacy practices of their students when seeking ways to build on what youth bring to the classroom.

35. Variations to Citations A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) indicates... Students struggle with APA style (Wegener & Petty, 1994).

36. Variations to Citations A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993). Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, and Harlow (1993) instruct… In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses (Kernis et al., 1993).

37. Variations to Citations Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

38. Reference Page A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay. Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay. See examples following APA checklist.

39. Where to go for help Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. OWL website: owl.english.purdue.eduowl.english.purdue.edu 2009 39

40. Next Week No Class next week Send draft of your literature review to me April 26 Present your lit review Share your field trip experience Readings for 4/26 Compton Lilly Chapters 8 & 9 Rex & Schiller 11 & 12 (delete 13) Karp (in Au) Delete Lee, Kumashiro & Artistic Insubordination Blog Literature Review Due