1. Chapter 3: The Skeletal System
Medical Terminology
Mrs. Spearman

2. Objective
I can identify and describe the major functions and structure of the skeletal systems.
I can differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons.
I can identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the skeletal system.

3. Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System
Skeletal system consists of the
bones
2. joints

4. Functions of the Skeletal System
Framework for the body
Support and protect internal organs
Movement possible by joints
Stores calcium which is required for normal nerve and muscle function
Hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells in the spongy bone

5. Tissues of Bone Periosteum—forms the outermost covering of bone
Compact bone—dense,hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
Spongy bone—lighter, compact bone.
Found in the ends of the long bones
Red bone marrow is located within the spongy bone.
Medullary cavity—located in the shaft of a long bone
Endosteum—tissue that lines the medullary cavity

6. The Long Bone Diaphysis: the shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis: the ends of the long bone

7. Bone Marrow Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow Located in spongy bone
Hematopoietic tissue that manufactures blood cells (red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes).
Yellow bone marrow
Located in the medullary cavity
Fat storage area

8. Cartilage
Smooth, rubbery, connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.
Articular cartilage
Covers the surfaces of bones where they meet to form joints
Protects the bones from rubbing against each other
Meniscus
Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee

9. Joints Also known as articulations
Place of union between two or more bones.

10. Fibrous Joints
Inflexible layers of connective tissue, hold bones tightly together
In adults, these joints are know as sutures, which are found in between the bones of the skull
In newborns, these joints are called fontanelles or soft spots
Flexible soft spots make passage through the birth canal possible

11. Cartilaginous Joints
Allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.
Examples:
Costal Cartilage, where the ribs connect to the sternum
Pubic symphysis cartilaginous joint that allows some movement of the pubic bones during childbirth.

12. Synovial Joints
Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.
Ball and socket joints, such as hips and shoulders
Allow a wide range of movement
Hinge Joints, such as knees and elbows
Allow movement in one direction

13. The Skeleton 206 bones are found in the skeleton
Divided into two parts
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

14. Axial Skeleton
Protects the major organs of the nervous system, respiratory, and circulatory systems
Consists of 80 bones
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral Column

15. Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of 126 bones
Makes body movement possible
Consists of the upper extremities (shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet)

16. The Skeleton

17. Vertebral Column

18. Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System
Chiropractor— $80, ,000
Holds a Doctor of Chiropractor degree
Specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
Orthopedic Surgeon—$307, ,00
Also known as an orthopedist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.

19. Specialties Continued
Podiatrist $119, ,000
Doctor of Podiatry
Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

20. Objectives I can identify the components of the synovial membrane
I can define and pronounce terms related to the pathology and treatment of the skeletal system.

21. Components of the Synovial Joints
Synovial membrane—secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid—acts as a lubricant to make the joint movement smooth
Ligaments—join bones to other bones
Bursa—acts as a cushion to ease movement in shoulder, elbow, and knee joints

22. Pathology of the Joints
Ankylosis (ankyl/o means crooked, bent, or stiff)
The loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
Arthrosclerosis
Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Chondromalacia
The abnormal softening of cartilage
Chondroma
A slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

23. Pathology of the Joints cont.
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
Hallux valgus
Also known as a bunion
Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
Hemarthrosis
Blood within a joint
Condition due to joint injury
Can spontaneously occur in patients taking blood- thinning medicine
Hemophilia

24. Bursitis (ber-SIGH-tis)
Bursa- a sac found at joints; it cushions and make movement easier in areas that are subject to friction such as shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.

25. Chondromalacia Chondr/o: cartilage -malacia: abnormal softening
Chondromalacia: abnormal softening of cartilage

26. Chondroma Chondr/o: cartilage -oma: tumor
Benign tumor of cartilage cells

27. Costochondritis Cost/o: rib Chondr/o: cartilage -itis: inflammation
Costochondritis: inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

28. Hallux Valgus
Bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

29. Hemarthrosis

30. Pathology of Joints cont.
Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
Can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection or irritation produced by damaged cartilage
Dislocation
Dislocation (luxation): the total displacement of a bone from its joint
Subluxation: the partial displacement of a bone from its joint 30

31. Synovitis
Synov/o: synovial membrane ( a membrane that lines synovial joints and secrete synovial membrane to make movement of the joint possible)
itis: inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, heat)

32. Luxation and Subluxation

33. Arthritis Inflammatory condition of one or more joints Osteoarthritis
Wear-and-tear arthritis
Deterioration of cartilage between joints
Commonly associated with aging
Spondylosis
Also known as spinal osteoarthritis
A degenerative disorder that causes the loss of normal spinal structure and function

34. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the synovial membranes and causes the joints to be swollen, painful, and immobile
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Affects children 16 years old or less

35. Osteoarthritis vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage to "wear and tear".
Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation synovial membranes, which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage.

36. Ankylosing Spondylitis
Form of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Causes stiffening between the joints between the vertebrae

37. Ankylosing spondylitis

38. Gouty Arthritis Also known as gout
A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints.
Uric acid is a product excreted by the kidneys.
Caused by obesity, diabetes, kidney dysfunction
Gout develops when excess uric acid, which is present in the blood, forms crystals in the joints of the feet and legs.

39. Gout

40. Write It!
Sallie is 85 years old and worked as a typist until she retired. She now has arthritis. What type of arthritis does Sallie have?
John is 16 and was just diagnosed with Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. His body is attacking his __________________ .
What type of arthritis forms when uric acid crystals form in the feet?

41. Pathology of the Spinal Column
Herniated disk
Also known as Slipped or Ruptured Disk
The breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve
Lumbago (lum-BAY-goh)
Low back pain
Spondylolisthesis (spon-dih-loh-liss-THEE-sis)
Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrae or sacrum below it
Spina Bifida
Defect that occurs during pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

42. Herniated Disk

43. Spondylolisthesis

44. Spina Bifida

45. Curvatures of the Spine
Kyphosis (Humpback)
Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
Lordosis (Swayback)
Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

46. Kyphosis
Caused as a result of aging or slouching in teens—Treatment: Surgery
Clinical photographs of an adolescent male with an abnormally rounded back; the deformity is localized to the thoracic spine. This patient's severe kyphosis is most obvious when bending forward.

47. Lordosis
Causes: congenital, hip problems, incorrect posture—Treatment: Physical Therapy or brace

48. Scoliosis Causes: usually congenital or hereditary
Treatment: Surgery, brace

49. Osteoporosis
The marked loss of bone density in the bones associated with aging
Bones are brittle and easily broken
Cause is unknown
Usually occurs in elderly Caucasian women

50. Dwarfism or “Short Stature”
Failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length
Caused by a genetic or hormone disorder

51. Closed Fracture—Simple Fracture
Only one bone is broken, and it does not pierce the skin
Open Fracture—Compound Fracture
One bone is broken, and it pierces the skin
Comminuted Fracture
Bone is crushed into small pieces
Greenstick Fracture—Incomplete Fracture
Bone is bent and partially broken
Oblique Fracture
Occurs at an angle across the bone
Transverse Fracture
Broken straight across the bone
Spiral Fracture
Bone twisted apart, due to sport injury

52. Write It! Answer the following questions.
What type of disorder is caused by a genetic or hormonal disorder? __________________
What type of fracture is when the bone has been crushed into pieces? ______________________
What type of fracture is also known as a compound fracture? ______________________
What type of fracture is when the bone is partially broken? _____________________
What type of fracture occurs at an angle across
the bone? ___________________

53. Diagnostic Procedures of the Skeletal System
Radiograph—x-ray
Most commonly used to visualize a bone fracture
Arthroscopy—visual examination of a joint
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)– used to visualize soft tissues like joints
Bone density testing is used to diagnose osteoporosis

54. Treatments of the Skeletal System
Bone Marrow Transplant—used to treat certain cancers of the blood cells
Patients cancer cells and bone marrow are destroyed
Next, healthy donated bone marrow cells are transfused into the patient’s blood
The cells move to the spongy bone, where they are to multiply to form cancer-free bone marrow

55. Medical Devices Orthotic
Mechanical device designed to control or correct for injured limb function,
Example: leg brace or splint
Prosthesis
Substitute for a missing or diseased body part that has been amputated

56. Joint Treatments Arthrolysis—surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
-lysis means loosening
Arthrodesis—”surgical ankylosis”
Surgical fixation “joining together” two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder
Performed to treat a damaged joint or severe arthritis
-desis means surgical fixation
Internal Fixation

57. Spinal Column Treatments
Percutaneous Diskectomy
Treatment for a herniated intervebral disk
Intervetebral disk is suctioned out
Spinal Fusion
Technique used to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

58. More Treatments of Bones (Write It!)
i.Craniectomy 
ii. Craniotomy
iii. Cranioplasty
iv. Osteoclasis (-clasis means break)— surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
v. Ostectomy
vi. Osteoplasty
vii. Osteorrhapy
viii. Osteotomy