1. Respiratory System Anatomy Practical [PHL 212]

2. Function of the Respiratory System  Trap irritants / infectious particles  Moistens and warms incoming air  Breathing process  Oversees gas exchanges Exchange O 2  Air to blood & Blood to cells Exchange CO 2  Cells to blood & Blood to air  Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the alveoli  Enable speech production

3. Organs of the Respiratory system  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs – alveoli

4. Upper Respiratory Tract

5. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  Nose is primary passageway for air entering respiratory system  Nasal septum : divides cavity into right & left halves  The cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa  Moistens air  Traps incoming foreign particles  Lateral walls have projections called conchae  Increases surface area  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate  Anterior hard palate (bone)  Posterior soft palate (muscle)

6. Paranasal Sinuses  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Frontal bone  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone  Maxillary bone  Function of the sinuses  Lighten the skull  Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

7. Pharynx (Throat)  Pharynx is shared by digestive & respiratory systems  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  Three regions of the pharynx  Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal cavity  Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth  Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx  The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food  Tonsils of the pharynx  Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx  Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx anterior to ear  Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

8. Larynx (Voice Box)  Inspired air leaves pharynx by passing through a narrow opening – glottis  Larynx surrounds & protects glottis  Routes air and food into proper channels  Plays a role in speech

9. CARTILAGES OF LARYNX  Thyroid cartilage  Epiglottis  Cricoid Cartlage  Cuneiform cartilages  Corniculate cartilagesPAIRED  Arytenoid cartilages

10. Trachea (Windpipe)  Trachea is a tough, flexible tube with diameter of 2.5cm & length of 11cm  Connects larynx with bronchi  Branches to form right & left primary bronchi  Lined with ciliated mucosa  Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air  Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

11. Bronchi  Primary bronchi formed by division of the trachea  Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression)  Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

12. Lungs  Occupy most of the thoracic cavity  Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)  Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)  Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

13. Coverings of the Lungs  Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

14. Lungs

15. Respiratory Tree Divisions  Primary bronchus  Secondary bronchus  Tertiary bronchus  Bronchiole  Terminal bronchiole

16. Bronchioles & Alveoli  Smallest branches of the bronchi  Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli  Structure of alveoli  Alveolar duct  Alveolar sac  Alveolus