1. 1 RBC’s (Erythrocytes)

2. 2 ABO BLOOD TYPES Red blood cells have particular proteins on their surfaces. In combination with different (incompatible) kinds of blood, they induce blood cells to clump up (“agglutination”). Two different versions of these types of proteins (called “agglutinogens”: A and B. Based on possible combinations of A & B types of agglutinogens, there are four possible blood types in this system: A, B, AB, neither (called O)

3. 3 ANTIGEN – any substance that, as a result of coming into contact with appropriate tissues, induces a state of sensitivity and which reacts in a demonstrable way with tissues of the sensitized subject. ANTIBODY – an immune or protective protein (usually associated with a particular type of cell) that is characterized by reacting with a a specific antigen.

4. 4 Blood types Each individual will have antibodies against another antigenic type (environmental sensitization). –Type A will have anti-b antibodies –Type B will have anti-a antibodies –Type O will have anti-b and anti-a antibodies Universal donor –Type AB will has no anti-b or a antibodies Universal recipient

5. 5 Major characteristics of the four bloods types. Table 16.3 Characteristics of ABO blood groups

6. 6 Specific genes that encode for enzymes that add a unique sugar to the RBC receptor are the basis for the A and B antigens.

7. 7 Blood Typing:

8. 8 Incompatible blood will result in agglutination, and cell lysis.

9. 9

10. 10 Rh factor Another RBC antigen –At least one dominant allele = Rh + –Two recessive alleles = Rh - Placental sensitization Hemolytic disease Prevention

11. 11 Rh Blood Groups Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) Most Americans are Rh + Problems can occur in mixing Rh + blood into a body with Rh – blood

12. 12 Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Danger is only when the mother is Rh – and the father is Rh +, and the child inherits the Rh + factor

13. 13 Rh Dangers During Pregnancy The mismatch of an Rh – mother carrying an Rh + baby can cause problems for the unborn child –The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems –The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy –In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh + blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

14. 14

15. 15 Prevention Passive immunity using anti-Rh factor immunoglobulin –28-38 weeks –Immediately after delivery Administer for each pregnancy that involves Rh + fetus Ineffective if mother is already sensitized

16. 16