1. End Show Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter

3. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-3 Cycles of Matter How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

4. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.

5. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles. Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products. Recycling in the Biosphere

6. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle All living things require water to survive. The Water Cycle

7. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

8. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called evaporation. The Water Cycle

9. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration. The Water Cycle

10. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds. The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of precipitation. Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots. The Water Cycle

11. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles How are nutrients important in living systems?

12. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

13. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment. Consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. Nutrient Cycles

14. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen. Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.

15. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground. Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Nutrient Cycles

16. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis

17. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 17 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbon Cycle

18. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbon Cycle

19. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins. Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation.

20. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins. Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins. Nutrient Cycles

21. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition Decomposition excretion NO 3 and NO 2

22. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 22 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nitrogen Cycle

23. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 23 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. The ammonia may be taken up again by producers. Nutrient Cycles

24. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 24 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again. Nutrient Cycles

25. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA. Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.

26. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms. Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates into organic compounds. Nutrient Cycles

27. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle The phosphorus cycle is long and slow, but it is an important part of the environment. It helps plants grow, and is used by farmers to fertilize them. When animals eat the plants, they absorb phosphates.

28. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Nutrient Cycles Ocean Land Organisms Sediments

29. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 29 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle

30. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 30 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle

31. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 31 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle The Phosphorus cycle has no involvement in the atmosphere, because it does not naturally form in gaseous forms

32. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 32 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle When the animals die, their body decays and the phosphorus is absorbed into the soil, where it re- enters plants. What isn’t absorbed by plants ends up in rock, and may stay there for millions of years, slowly being released as the rocks weather

33. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 33 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorous is used for organisms to build DNA, RNA, and ATP. Phosphate is in plants, which the herbivores eat, which the herbivores are eaten by the carnivores. Than phosphorus is released back into the soil by the herbivores and carnivores waste.

34. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 34 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphorus Cycle Plants Need It Plants on land take in the inorganic (compounds without carbon) phosphorus compounds from the soil. Animals can get their phosphorus by eating plants or drinking water. Algae and water plants are able to absorb the ions from the water. Unlike carbon and nitrogen, the phosphorus cycle is not a true cycle. There is a great deal of phosphorus lost.

35. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 35 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.

36. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 36 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. Nutrient Limitation

37. End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 37 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers. This result is called an algal bloom. Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem. Nutrient Limitation

38. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 38 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3

39. End Show Slide 39 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Transpiration is part of the a.water cycle. b.carbon cycle. c.nitrogen cycle. d.phosphorus cycle.

40. End Show Slide 40 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of a.carbohydrates. b.carbon dioxide. c.calcium carbonate. d.ammonia.

41. End Show Slide 41 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances a.start as simple organic forms that plants need. b.provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need. c.are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms. d.are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

42. End Show Slide 42 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing a.plants. b.bacteria. c.detritivores. d.animals.

43. End Show Slide 43 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is a.runoff. b.algal death. c.algal bloom. d.less primary productivity.

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