1. Airport Surface Management at LGA: Metering the departure traffic Hector Fornes Advisor: Hamsa Balakrishnan

2. Agenda Current situation at LGA Current pushback strategy Metering strategy Calibration of the parameters for the model Results and performance measures

3. Current situation at LGA Source: faa.gov Source: Balakrishna, H., Hansman, R.J. & Reynolds 2013 Origin of the problems Over-scheduling Limited gates Crossing runways (capacity reductions) Abundance of small planes (shuttles/regional carriers) Consequences Operations close to capacity Capacity limitations Long delays Long queues

4. Current taxi-out strategy: Push-back at discretion Source: Kladilkar, H. & Reynolds, T. 2013 How airlines dispatch departing flights Consequences of the “at discretion” policy Source: Balakrishna, H., Hansman, R.J. & Reynolds 2013 Tower

5. Proposed taxi-out operations: Metering Source: Balakrishna, H., Hansman, R.J. & Reynolds 2013 Other considerations: -Gate conflicts (how we handle them) N-control Queing model GOALS Reduction of fuel burn while taxiing out Reduction of emissions Reduce congestion at the airport

6. Calibration of the parameters for the model Regression tree Unimpeded taxi-out time

7. Results

8. Results: Reduction of fuel and emissions ConceptValue (minutes) Total taxi in the current strategy (pushback at discretion) 21,505 Total taxi with the metering strategy (pushback at discretion) 17,509 Total taxi-out time difference3,996 ConceptReduction Fuel consumption11,988 Kg NOx emissions119,880 g HC emissions48,751 g CO emissions267,732 g ConceptValue (per minute) Fuel consumption 3.0 Kg NOx emissions 30 g HC emissions 12.2 g CO emissions67 g Unitary values Total results Taxi-out reductions 18.5% reduction

9. Results: Gate conflicts -Maximum of 6 additional conflicts over 15 days in each 15-minute period. -This represents a maximum 1 additional conflict per 15-minute period

10. Results:FCFS queuing policy Airline Percentage of flights moving forward Percentage of flights moving back % change Delta & Regionals 7,416,0-8,6 American and Eagle 13,32,111,3 Us Air & Regional 7,013,1-6,1 United 13,72,011,7 Spirit 17,50,017,5 Southwest/AirTran 10,31,68,7 Jetblue 11,11,39,8 Others 12,72,510,3 Airline Percentage of flights moving forward Percentage of flights moving back % change Delta & Regionals15,734,1-18,4 American and Eagle28,72,126,6 Us Air & Regional6,625,7-19,1 United30,12,627,5 Spirit30,50,030,5 Southwest/AirTran24,11,322,8 Jetblue20,41,718,7 Others26,85,421,4 Current pushback strategy Metering strategy

11. Summary of the performance of metering at LGA AspectResults of the implementation of metering Surface congestionReduced to the Nctrl value Gate conflictsA maximum of 1 additional gate conflict for 15 minute period (particularly peak ours) Taxi-out reductions18.5% of taxi-out time 18.5 % in fuel consumption 18.5 % in emissions FCFSLess deviation from the ideal FCFS policy Deviations from FCFS are reduced