1. Chapter 1: Principles of Government Opener

2. In framing a government which is to be administrated by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. -The Federalist No. 51

3. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 3 Chapter 1, Opener Essential Question Is government necessary?

4. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 4 Chapter 1, Opener Guiding Questions Section 1: Government and the State –What is government and what is its purpose? Government is the institution that allows a society to make and enforce public policies such as taxation, defense, law enforcement, education, and healthcare.

5. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 5 Chapter 1, Opener Guiding Questions Section 2: Forms of Government –What are some forms of government in the world today? Forms of government today include democracies and dictatorships as well as confederate, federal, unitary, parliamentary, and presidential.

6. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 6 Chapter 1, Opener Guiding Questions Section 3: Basic Concepts of Democracy –What are the basic concepts of democracy? Democracy is based upon the recognition of the fundamental worth and equality of every person, faith in majority rule and respect for minority rights, acceptance of compromise, and insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom.

7. Chapter 1: Principles of Government Section 1

8. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 8 Chapter 1, Section 1 Objectives 1.Define government and the basic powers every government holds. 2.Describe the four defining characteristics of a state. 3.Identify four theories that attempt to explain the origin of the state. 4.Understand the purpose of government in the United States and other countries.

9. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9 Chapter 1, Section 1 Key Terms government: the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policies public policies: all the things a government decides to do legislative power: the power to make laws executive power: the power to enforce and administer laws judicial power: the power to interpret laws dictatorship: a government in which all power rests with an individual or small group

10. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 10 Chapter 1, Section 1 Key Terms, cont. democracy: a government in which supreme authority rests with the people state: a body of people, living in a defined territory, with a government that can make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority sovereign: to have supreme and absolute power within a territory divine right: the theory that governments gain their authority from the will of God

11. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 11 Chapter 1, Section 1 Introduction What is government and what is its purpose? –Government is the institution that allows a society to make and enforce public policies –Every government has three basic types of power. These include the legislative power to make laws, the executive power to enforce laws, and the judicial power to interpret laws and settle disputes.

12. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 12 Chapter 1, Section 1 Basic Types of Government In a dictatorship, all powers are held by one person or group. In a democracy, authority lies with the people. The U.S. government gives executive power to the President, legislative power to Congress, and judicial power to the Supreme Court.

13. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 13 Chapter 1, Section 1 The State States are the main unit of government in the world today. –There are more than 200 states, varying greatly in size, population, and power. –A state is not strictly the same thing as a nation (which refers to large groups of people) or a country (which refers to a particular region). Every state has four basic characteristics: population, territory, sovereignty, and a government.

14. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 14 Chapter 1, Section 1 Population and Territory Every state has a population, whether large or small, diverse or homogeneous. –China (right) has a large population that is reflected in its landscape. A state must have territory, land with known and recognized boundaries.

15. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 15 Chapter 1, Section 1 Sovereignty and Government Every state has sovereignty, the absolute power within its own territory to decide domestic and foreign policies. Each state has a government, a political organization to make and enforce its policies.

16. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 16 Chapter 1, Section 1 Four Basic Components of a State: What type of government does the Unites States have today? Not a Democracy!!! A Republic!!!

17. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 17 Chapter 1, Section 1 Excerpt from Federalist Papers No. 51 It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.

18. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 18 Chapter 1, Section 1 Origins of the State Many theories have been developed to explain the origins of the state. These include the force theory, the evolutionary theory, the divine right theory, and the social contract theory.

19. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 19 Chapter 1, Section 1 The force theory holds that an individual or group claims control over a territory and forces the population to submit. The state then becomes sovereign and those in control form a government. The Force Theory

20. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 20 Chapter 1, Section 1 The evolutionary theory says that a population formed out of primitive families. The heads of these families became the government. When these families settled in one territory and claimed it as their own, they became a sovereign state. Evolutionary Theory

21. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 21 Chapter 1, Section 1 The divine right theory holds that God created the state, making it sovereign. The government is made up of those chosen by God to rule a certain territory. The population must obey their ruler. Divine Right Theory

22. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 22 Chapter 1, Section 1 Checkpoint: What is the Social Contract Theory? –The social contract theory was developed by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau and has had the greatest influence on United States government. –This theory holds that the people chose to give the state enough power to promote the well-being of everyone and that all political power comes from the will of the people. Social Contract Theory

23. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 23 Chapter 1, Section 1 Social Contract Theory, cont. Social contract theory holds that the people can withhold power from an unjust government. In the political cartoon, what types of government might restrict people from “having it as good as this”?

24. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 24 Chapter 1, Section 1 Purpose of Government The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution sets forth the basic purposes of America’s government. –It forms “a more perfect Union” by uniting the state governments and the American people. –It establishes justice by attempting to create and administer laws in a fair, reasonable, and impartial fashion.

25. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 25 Chapter 1, Section 1 Purpose of Government, cont. Government offers domestic tranquility, or peace at home, by providing law and order. Government provides for the nation’s defense by maintaining armed forces and safe- guarding national security.

26. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 26 Chapter 1, Section 1 Purpose of Government, cont. The U.S. government promotes the general welfare of citizens by providing services, such as public education, that benefit all or most people. The government helps secure the blessings of liberty by guaranteeing many individual rights and liberties. –These freedoms are not absolute—you are not free to violate the liberties of others.

27. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 27 Chapter 1, Section 1 Purpose of Government, cont. Each generation must strive for patriotism by learning and protecting these freedoms. –What does the phrase “thank your lucky stars” in the political cartoon at right refer to?

28. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 28 Chapter 1, Section 1 Review Now that you have learned about what government is and what its purpose is, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Is government necessary?

29. Chapter 1: Principles of Government Section 2

30. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 30 Chapter 1, Section 2 Objectives 1.Classify governments according to three sets of characteristics. 2.Define systems of government based on who can participate. 3.Identify different ways that power can be distributed, geographically, within a state. 4.Describe a government by the distribution of power between the executive and legislative branch.

31. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 31 Chapter 1, Section 2 Key Terms autocracy: government in which a single person holds all political power oligarchy: government in which a small, usually self-appointed group has the sole power to rule unitary government: a government in which all power belongs to one central agency federal government: a government in which power is divided between one central and several local governments

32. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 32 Chapter 1, Section 2 Key Terms, cont. division of powers: the split of power between central and local governments confederation: an alliance of independent states presidential government: a government with separate executive and legislative branches parliamentary government: a government in which the executive branch is part of the legislative branch and subject to its control

33. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 33 Chapter 1, Section 2 DemocracyDictatorship Political Authority rests with the people Rulers are not responsible to the people Direct or indirectGovernment no accountable for policies or how they are carried out PresidentialAutocracy ParliamentaryOligarchy FederalAuthoritarian ConfederateTotalitarian UnitaryMilitaristic

34. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 34 Chapter 1, Section 2 Introduction What are some forms of government in the world today? –Democracies and dictatorships are classified according to who can participate in government. –Unitary, federal, and confederation-style governments are classified based on how power is divided geographically. –Presidential and parliamentary governments are defined by the relationship between the executive and legislative branches.

35. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 35 Chapter 1, Section 2 Direct Democracy In a direct or pure democracy, the people pass laws by discussing and voting on them in meetings, such as town meetings. This system works only in small communities.

36. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 36 Chapter 1, Section 2 Indirect Democracy In an indirect or representative democracy, the people elect agents who make and carry out the laws. These representatives rule with the consent of the governed and can be removed by the people at election time.

37. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 37 Chapter 1, Section 2 The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. Most power lies with the Parliament, which is elected by the people. The queen is the head of state, while the head of government is the Prime Minister, who is the head of the leading party in Parliament. Example Democracies

38. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 38 Chapter 1, Section 2 Example Democracies, cont. The United States is a constitution-based federal republic. The President and members of Congress are chosen by the people. The President is both Chief of State and Head of Government.

39. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 39 Chapter 1, Section 2 Dictatorships Checkpoint: What is the difference between an oligarchy and an autocracy? –In an autocracy, one person holds total political power, while in an oligarchy a small elite group shares political power. –Both are forms of dictatorships, holding absolute and unchallenged authority over the people, who have no say in government.

40. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 40 Chapter 1, Section 2 Example Dictatorships Some dictatorships are like that of China, where people can vote only for candidates from one political party and the legislature does whatever the dictatorship says. Other dictatorships are like the one in Myanmar, where the military rules and there are no elections.

41. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 41 Chapter 1, Section 2 Unitary Government In a unitary model, all power belongs to the central government, which may grant some powers to local governments. The powers of the central government may be limited or unlimited. Most governments in the world are unitary in form.

42. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 42 Chapter 1, Section 2 Federal Government In the federal model, power is divided between a central government and several local governments, usually according to a constitution. The U.S. and some 25 other states have federal forms of government.

43. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 43 Chapter 1, Section 2 Confederate Government A confederation is an alliance of independent governments that grant limited powers, usually involving defense or foreign affairs, to a central government. The European Union is similar to a confederation.

44. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 44 Chapter 1, Section 2 Presidential Government A presidential government divides executive and legislative power between two branches. The details of this separation of powers are spelled out in a constitution.

45. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 45 Chapter 1, Section 2 Parliamentary Government In a parliamentary government, the legislature chooses the executive, which is part of the legislature and under its control. A majority of world governments use the parliamentary system, which lacks some checks and balances but promotes cooperation between the executive and legislative branches.

46. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 46 Chapter 1, Section 2 Parliamentary Government, cont. The prime minister is the head of the leading party in Parliament and chooses cabinet members from the Parliament. If the Parliament loses confidence in the Prime Minister and cabinet, elections are held to form a new government.

47. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 47 Chapter 1, Section 2 Review Now that you have learned about some of the forms of government in the world today, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Is government necessary?

48. Chapter 1: Principles of Government Section 3

49. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 49 Chapter 1, Section 2 Democracy Majority Rule, Minority Rights Individual Freedom Equality Individual Worth Compromise 1.3

50. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 50 Chapter 1, Section 2 Objectives 1.Understand the foundations of democracy. 2.Analyze the connections between democracy and the free enterprise system.

51. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 51 Chapter 1, Section 2 Key Terms majority rule: the principle that the will of the majority controls the actions of government compromise: the process of blending and adjusting competing views and interests citizen: one who holds certain rights and responsibilities within a state free enterprise system: an economic system characterized by the private ownership of capital goods, private investment, and a competitive marketplace that determines success or failure

52. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 52 Chapter 1, Section 2 Introduction What are the basic concepts of democracy? –Recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person –Respect for the equality of all persons –Faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights –Acceptance of the necessity of compromise –Insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom

53. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 53 Chapter 1, Section 2 Worth of the Individual Democracy is based on a belief in the dignity and worth of every individual. Individuals can be forced to do things that serve the good of the many, like paying taxes. Respect for individuals means that serving the many should not be a case of simply benefiting the majority over the minority, but of trying to meet the needs of all individuals in society.

54. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 54 Chapter 1, Section 2 Equality of All Persons Checkpoint: To what are citizens entitled under the democratic concept of equality? –All citizens are entitled to equality of opportunity and equality before the law. –This means that no person should be held back based on gender, race, color, or religion.

55. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 55 Chapter 1, Section 2 Equality of All Persons, cont. Every person must be free to develop as fully as they wish. Achieving this goal of equality is an ongoing process. For example, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unequal.

56. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 56 Chapter 1, Section 2 Majority Rules, Minority Rights Democracy holds that the majority will be right more often than it is wrong and will be right more often than any small group. The majority will not always make the best decisions or even the right decisions, but in a democracy their choices can be improved or changed over time. The majority must respect the rights of minorities and listen to their viewpoint.

57. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 57 Chapter 1, Section 2 Necessity of Compromise Compromise is a key part of the democratic process. –In a society made of many equal individuals with different opinions and interests, public decisions require compromises. –Most public issues can be addressed in several ways. –Determining which way best meets the needs of the public also requires compromise.

58. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 58 Chapter 1, Section 2 Necessity of Compromise, cont. Compromise is a way of reaching majority agreement. Not all compromises are good or necessary. –Who do the chefs represent in this cartoon?

59. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 59 Chapter 1, Section 2 Individual Freedom Democracy cannot allow complete individual freedom, which would lead to anarchy and lawlessness. Democracy does require that each individual be as free as possible without interfering with the freedom of others. Democratic government works constantly to find the balance between individual freedom and government authority.

60. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 60 Chapter 1, Section 2 Citizenship Every democratic citizen has duties that they must obey. Each citizen also has responsibilities that they should fulfill to improve the quality of their government and community.

61. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 61 Chapter 1, Section 2 Citizenship Overview DutiesResponsibilities Serving on a jury Serving as a witness Attending school Paying taxes Obeying local, state, and national laws Draft registration Respecting the rights of others Voting Volunteering Participating in civic life Understanding the workings of our government

62. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 62 Chapter 1, Section 2 How Free Enterprise Works Free enterprise, also called capitalism, is an economic system based on private ownership, individual initiative, profit, and competition. Individuals, not the government, decide what to make, how to make it, at what price to sell it, and whether to buy it. –Greater demand tends to increase prices, while lower demand tends to decrease them.

63. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 63 Chapter 1, Section 2 Government and Free Enterprise Both democracy and free enterprise are based on the idea of individual freedom. U.S. government involvement in the economy is aimed at protecting both the public and private enterprise. The government regulates many economic activities to encourage competition and protect public welfare. The government also offers many essential services, such as public education and transportation.

64. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 64 Chapter 1, Section 2 Review Now that you have learned about the basic concepts of democracy, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Is government necessary?

65. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 65 Chapter 1, Section 2 Read about Aristotle on page 27. –Greek philosopher –Student of government.