1. Short Identifications 5 points for definition 5 points for example Note on author names

2. essentialism Idea that posits inherent or natural difference Feminists and anti-racist activists and scholars have fought against essentialist characterizations of identity by demonstrating how gender and race are social constructs not biological facts Hierarchical power involved in essentialist claims

3. Afrekete African goddess, trickster figure invoked by Audre Lorde and used as an example of the role she is trying to play in the expansion of a feminist consciousness She uses her as an example of female empowerment to point out what Mary Daly’s book left out and the consequences of that move.

4. transnational feminism As opposed to international feminism Recognizes how various feminisms have been defined by national contexts and institutions and the potential danger of feminists talking only through these national frameworks, which often organize the world according to measurements of more or less developed. This reproduces a hierarchical relationship between national feminist movements. Transnational feminism aims to organize across national borders in a way that demonstrates interlinked feminist struggles.

5. nested hierarchies Related to intersectional analysis. Gender is not the only hierarchy, but often exists within and in relation to other hierarchies. Example of colonialism: colonizing men - colonizing women - colonized men - colonized women.

6. “death by culture” Uma Narayan’s concept Highlights when generalizing cultural explanations are invoked to explain gender oppression, and the power relations involved in whom they are invoked by. How information about domestic violence murders of women in India has been decontextualized so that they are seen as victims of a timeless, monolithic, homogenous culture. Disallows comparability.

7. Short Essays 15 points for overall answer 5 points each for two examples from class readings or films